. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017 Apr 26;26(8):1276–1287. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-1006

Table 4.

Pooled Multivariable Relative Risks (RR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) for Specific Food Items and Prostate Cancer Risk

Item	Increment unit^§	Total CaP	Local CaP	Advanced CaP	Advanced restricted CaP	CaP mortality	Low-grade CaP	High-grade CaP
Apples, Pears, & Applesauce	138g/day	0.99⁶,⁸	1.00⁶,⁸	0.97⁶,⁸,⁹,¹⁴	1.03²,³,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹⁰,¹⁴	0.97²,³,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹⁴	1.00⁶,⁸	0.98⁶,⁹,⁸
		(0.97 – 1.02)	(0.97 – 1.02)	(0.87 – 1.08)	(0.88 – 1.20)	(0.86 – 1.09)	(0.97 – 1.03)	(0.92 – 1.04)
Bananas	114g/day	1.01³–⁵,⁷–⁹	1.03³–⁵,⁷–⁹	0.91³–⁵,⁷–⁹,¹⁴	0.90²–⁵,⁷–¹⁰,¹⁴	0.91²–⁵,⁷–⁹,¹⁴	1.01³–⁵,⁷–⁹	1.02³–⁵,⁷–⁹
		(0.96 – 1.07)	(0.97 – 1.09)	(0.80 – 1.03)	(0.77 – 1.05)	(0.76 – 1.09)	(0.95 – 1.07)	(0.96 – 1.10)
Broccoli	78g/day	1.07⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²	1.09⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²	0.90⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹⁴	0.96²,³,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	0.78²,³,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹⁴	1.08⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²	1.05⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²
		(0.99 – 1.17)	(1.00 – 1.18)	(0.73 – 1.10)	(0.76 – 1.22)	(0.59 – 1.03)	(0.99 – 1.17)	(0.96 – 1.16)
Cabbage	68g/day	0.97⁷–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	0.99⁷–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	0.83⁷–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	0.89²,³,⁷–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	0.82²,³,⁷–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	0.95⁷–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	1.04⁷–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴
		(0.92 – 1.03)	(0.92 – 1.06)	(0.68 – 1.01)	(0.69 – 1.15)	(0.64 – 1.04)	(0.89 – 1.02)	(0.89 – 1.21)
Cantaloupe	134g/day	1.03¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²	1.00¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²	0.80¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹⁴	0.64¹–³,⁵,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	0.71¹–³,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹⁴	1.05¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²	1.01¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²
		(0.89 – 1.19)	(0.82 – 1.22)	(0.52 – 1.22)	(0.33 – 1.22)	(0.28 – 1.80)	(0.86 – 1.29)	(0.78 – 1.30)
Carrots	57g/day	1.00⁶,⁸	0.99⁶,⁸	0.95⁶,⁸,⁹,¹⁴	0.97²,³,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹⁴	0.90²,³,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹³,¹⁴	0.99⁶,⁸	1.02⁶,⁸,⁹
		(0.97 – 1.04)	(0.93 – 1.05)	(0.85 – 1.06)	(0.84 – 1.12)	(0.76 – 1.06)	(0.93 – 1.04)	(0.95 – 1.10)
Corn	82g/day	0.98¹,³–⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²	0.92¹,³–⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²	1.53¹,³–⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹⁴	1.53¹–⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	1.49¹–⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹⁴	0.92¹,³–⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²	1.22¹,³–⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²
		(0.90 – 1.06)	(0.84 – 1.02)	(1.12 – 2.07)	(0.95 – 2.46)	(1.01 – 2.20)	(0.83 – 1.02)	(0.98 – 1.51)
Mixed Greens	100g/day	1.06¹,⁵,⁶,¹²,¹³	0.94¹,⁵,⁶,¹²,¹³	1.68¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²–¹⁴	1.81¹–³,⁵,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹²–¹⁴	1.66¹–³,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²–¹⁴	0.98¹,⁵,⁶,¹²,¹³	1.18¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹³
		(0.90 – 1.25)	(0.74 – 1.19)	(0.96 – 2.96)	(0.88 – 3.73)	(0.80 – 3.43)	(0.80 – 1.20)	(0.84 – 1.64)
Grapefruit	120g/day	0.99¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹⁴	1.01¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹⁴	0.97¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹⁴	0.92¹–³,⁵,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	0.95¹–³,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹⁴	0.99¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹⁴	0.96¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹²,¹⁴
		(0.96 – 1.03)	(0.97 – 1.05)	(0.84 – 1.11)	(0.76 – 1.12)	(0.80 – 1.13)	(0.94 – 1.04)	(0.88 – 1.04)
Orange & Grapefruit Juice	186g/day	1.01¹,⁷–⁹	1.02¹,⁷–⁹	1.00¹,⁷–⁹,¹⁴	1.05¹–³,⁷–¹⁰,¹⁴	0.98¹–³,⁷–⁹,¹⁴	1.00¹,⁷–⁹	1.01¹,⁷–⁹
		(1.00 – 1.02)	(1.01 – 1.04)	(0.94 – 1.06)	(0.98 – 1.13)	(0.91 – 1.06)	(0.99 – 1.02)	(0.98 – 1.04)
Lettuce	56g/day	0.99⁶,⁸,⁹	1.00⁶,⁸,⁹	0.91⁶,⁸,⁹,¹⁴	0.92²,³,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹⁴	0.86²,³,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹³,¹⁴	1.00⁶,⁸,⁹	1.01⁶,⁸,⁹
		(0.96 – 1.02)	(0.96 – 1.03)	(0.85 – 0.98)	(0.84 – 1.01)	(0.78 – 0.94)	(0.97 – 1.03)	(0.97 – 1.05)
Oranges	131g/day	1.00¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹⁴	1.00¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹⁴	1.03¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹⁴	1.00¹–³,⁵,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹⁴	1.06¹–³,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹⁴	1.00¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹⁴	1.05¹,⁵,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹⁴
		(0.97 – 1.04)	(0.97 – 1.04)	(0.94 – 1.13)	(0.88 – 1.13)	(0.94 – 1.18)	(0.96 – 1.04)	(0.94 – 1.17)
Peppers	138g/day	0.78³,⁴,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹¹	0.75³,⁴,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹¹	1.01³,⁴,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹¹,¹⁴	1.08²–⁴,⁶,⁸–¹¹,¹⁴	1.31²–⁴,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹¹,¹⁴	0.68³,⁴,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹¹	1.77³,⁴,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹¹
		(0.56 – 1.08)	(0.54 – 1.04)	(0.53 – 1.92)	(0.45 – 2.58)	(0.63 – 2.73)	(0.46 – 0.99)	(0.66 – 4.74)
String Beans	68g/day	1.01³–⁶,⁸,⁹,¹¹	1.00³–⁶,⁸,⁹,¹¹	1.03³–⁶,⁸,⁹,¹¹,¹⁴	0.97²–⁶,⁸–¹¹,¹⁴	1.11²–⁶,⁸,⁹,¹¹,¹⁴	0.99³–⁶,⁸,⁹,¹¹	1.05³–⁶,⁸,⁹,¹¹
		(0.89 – 1.14)	(0.89 – 1.12)	(0.86 – 1.24)	(0.72 – 1.31)	(0.86 – 1.43)	(0.88 – 1.12)	(0.93 – 1.18)
Vegetable Soup	244g/day	1.02¹,⁵–¹²	0.97¹,⁵–¹²	1.27¹,⁵–¹²,¹⁴	1.36¹–³,⁵–¹²,¹⁴	1.16¹–³,⁵–¹²,¹⁴	1.02¹,⁵–¹²	0.99¹,⁵–¹²
		(0.95 – 1.10)	(0.86 – 1.09)	(0.94 – 1.71)	(0.91 – 2.03)	(0.78 – 1.73)	(0.93 – 1.11)	(0.83 – 1.19)
Spinach	80g/day	1..00⁶,⁸–¹¹,¹⁴	1.10⁶,⁸–¹¹,¹⁴	1.25⁶,⁸–¹¹,¹⁴	1.03²,³,⁶,⁸–¹¹,¹⁴	1.38²,³,⁶,⁸–¹¹,¹⁴	1.00⁶,⁸–¹¹,¹⁴	1.25⁶,⁸–¹¹,¹⁴
		(0.95 – 1.06)	(0.89 – 1.36)	(0.85 – 1.84)	(0.78 – 1.37)	(0.94 – 2.03)	(0.93 – 1.08)	(0.93 – 1.69)
Tomatoes	122g/day	0.97⁶,⁸,¹³–¹⁵	0.97⁶,⁸,¹³–¹⁵	0.98⁶,⁸,⁹,¹³–¹⁵	0.91²,³,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹³–¹⁵	0.97²,³,⁶,⁸,⁹,¹³–¹⁵	0.98⁶,⁸,¹³–¹⁵	0.99⁶,⁸,⁹,¹³–¹⁵
		(0.86 – 1.10)	(0.88 – 1.07)	(0.82 – 1.18)	(0.65 – 1.27)	(0.78 – 1.20)	(0.84 – 1.14)	(0.85 – 1.14)
Yams	128g/day	0.98¹,⁵,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹²	1.01¹,⁵,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹²	1.28¹,⁵,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	1.44¹–³,⁵,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	0.74¹–³,⁵,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹²,¹⁴	0.88¹,⁵,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹²	1.54¹,⁵,⁶,⁸–¹⁰,¹²
		(0.81 – 1.18)	(0.81 – 1.27)	(0.48 – 3.41)	(0.68 – 3.07)	(0.22 – 2.51)	(0.68 – 1.12)	(0.59 – 4.03)

CaP: prostate cancer; CI: confidence interval; RR: relative risk

“Advanced”: defined as T4, N1, or M1 tumors or prostate cancer mortality; “Advanced restricted”: same as advanced CaP, but excluding those who died of CaP during follow-up who had been diagnosed with localized cancer or had missing stage data; “High grade”: Gleason score ≥8 or poorly differentiated/undifferentiated; “Localized”: defined as T1/T2 and N0M0 tumors, i.e. cancers confined within the prostate; “Low grade”: Gleason score <8 or well/moderately differentiated;

^§

Increments were chosen to reflect a serving size of each individual item

All models adjusted for marital status (married [ref], never married, widowed, divorced), race (Caucasian [ref], African-American, Asian, Hispanic, other), education (<high school [ref], high school, >high school), body mass index (BMI, kg/m²) (<23 [ref], 23–<25, 25–<30, ≥30), height (meters) (<1.70 [ref], 1.70–<1.75, 1.75–<1.80, 1.80–<1.85, ≥1.85), alcohol (g/day) (0 [ref], >0–<5, 5–<15, 15–<30, ≥30), multivitamin use (no [ref], yes), total energy intake (kcal/d, as continuous variable), smoking status (never [ref], past smoker <15 packyears, past smoker ≥15 packyears, current smoker <40 packyears, current smoker ≥40 packyears), prostate cancer family history (no [ref], yes), physical activity (low [ref], medium, high), history of diabetes (no [ref], yes). Age in years and year of questionnaire return were included as stratification variables. We included a stratification variable for EPIC.

Excludes Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC)

Excludes Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET)

Excludes CLUE II: Campaign Against Cancer and Heart Disease (CLUE-II)

⁴

Excludes Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort (CPS-II)

⁵

Excludes Cohort of Swedish Men (COSM)

⁶

Excludes European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

⁷

Excludes Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS)

⁸

Excludes The Japan Public Health Center-Based Study I (JPHC-I)

⁹

Excludes The Japan Public Health Center-Based Study II (JPHC-II)

¹⁰

Excludes Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS)

¹¹

Excludes Multiethnic Cohort (MEC)

¹²

Excludes Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS)

¹³

Excludes NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (AARP)

¹⁴

Excludes Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT)

¹⁵

Excludes Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO)