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. 2017 Aug 3;11:353. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00353

Table 2.

Selected items for gait analysis in the elderly.

Items for the minimum dataset Additional items for the full dataset
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
Age (year)
Sex
Ethnicity coded as follows: 1, Black; 2, Caucasian; 3, Asian; 4, Other
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Height (m)
Weight (kg)
Medication; Number of therapeutic classes used per day >3 (coded yes vs. no)
Number of therapeutic classes taken daily
Use of psychoactive drugs (i.e., benzodiazepines, antidepressants, neuroleptics) (coded yes vs. no)
History of falls (i.e., defined as an event resulting in a person coming to rest unintentionally on the ground or at another lower level, not as the result of a major intrinsic event or an overwhelming hazard) in the previous 12-month period (coded yes vs. no) Recurrent falls (i.e., >2) (coded yes vs. no)
Severe falls (i.e., fractures, cranial trauma, large and/or deep skin lesions, post-fall syndrome; inability to get up; time on ground >1 h; hospitalization) (coded yes vs. no).
Fear of falling (Are you afraid of falling? Never, almost never, sometimes, often, and very often)
Neurological diseases:
• Dementia (coded yes vs. no) • Cognitive complaint (coded yes vs. no)
• Mild cognitive impairment (coded yes vs. no)
• Dementia (coded yes vs. no), if yes stage (i.e., mild, moderate, severe) and etiology (i.e., AD, non-AD neurodegenerative, non-AD vascular, mixed)
• Global cognitive performance: MoCA score (Nasreddine et al., 2005)
• Other (coded yes vs. no) • Parkinson's disease or parkinsonian syndromes (coded yes vs. no)
• Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (coded yes vs. no)
• Cerebellar disease (coded yes vs. no)
• Myelopathy (coded yes vs. no)
• Peripheral neuropathy (coded yes vs. no)
Depressive symptoms (coded yes vs. no) 4-item Geriatric Depression Scale score (Shah et al., 1997)
Anxiety symptoms (coded yes vs. no) 5-item Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (Byrne and Pachana, 2011)
Major orthopedic diagnoses (e.g., osteoarthritis) involving the lumbar vertebrae, pelvis or lower extremities (coded yes vs. no)
Vision disorders (coded yes vs. no) Distance binocular vision measured at 5 m with a standard scale, vision assessed with corrective lenses if needed
Lower limb proprioception disorders (coded yes vs. no) Lower limb proprioception evaluated with a graduated tuning fork placed on the tibial tuberosity: The mean value obtained for the left and right sides (/8)
Muscle strength impairment (coded yes vs. no) Hand grip strength: mean value of the highest value of maximal isometric voluntary contractions (3 trials) measured with computerized dynamometers expressed in Newtons per square meter
Use of walking aid (coded yes vs. no)
GAIT CHARACTERISTICS
Clinical analysis
Subjective self-reported difficulties (coded never, almost never, sometimes, often, and very often)
Clinical gait abnormalities (coded yes vs. no)
Timed Up & Go score (s) (Podsiadlo and Richardson, 1991) Timed Up & Go imagined form score (s) (Beauchet et al., 2010)
Walking speed: time to walk 4 m at steady-state walking
Spatiotemporal analysis
  • Conditions

    •  ✓ In a quiet, well-lit environment

    •  ✓ Steady state walking (acceleration and deceleration phase of 1 m each)

    •  ✓ Wearing participant's own footwear

    •  ✓ Usual self-selected walking speed

  • Fast walking speed

  • Dual tasking:

    • ✓ Backward counting by ones from 50

    • ✓ Verbal fluency task (animal names)

  • Parameters

    • Walking speed [mean value (cm/s)]

    • ✓ Stride time [mean value (ms) and coefficient of variation (%)]

    • ✓ Swing time [mean value (ms) and coefficient of variation (%)]

    • ✓ Stride width [mean value (cm) and coefficient of variation (%)]

  • Stride length [mean value (cm) and coefficient of variation (%)]

  • Stance time [mean value (ms) and coefficient of variation (%)]

  • Single support time [mean value (ms) and coefficient of variation (%)]

  • Double support time [mean value (ms) and coefficient of variation (%)]

  • Stride velocity [mean value (cm/s) and coefficient of variation (%)]

m, meter; kg, kilogram; s, second; cm, centimeter.

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