Table 2.
Selected items for gait analysis in the elderly.
Items for the minimum dataset | Additional items for the full dataset |
---|---|
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS | |
Age (year) | |
Sex | |
Ethnicity coded as follows: 1, Black; 2, Caucasian; 3, Asian; 4, Other | |
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS | |
Height (m) | |
Weight (kg) | |
Medication; Number of therapeutic classes used per day >3 (coded yes vs. no) | |
Number of therapeutic classes taken daily | |
Use of psychoactive drugs (i.e., benzodiazepines, antidepressants, neuroleptics) (coded yes vs. no) | |
History of falls (i.e., defined as an event resulting in a person coming to rest unintentionally on the ground or at another lower level, not as the result of a major intrinsic event or an overwhelming hazard) in the previous 12-month period (coded yes vs. no) | Recurrent falls (i.e., >2) (coded yes vs. no) Severe falls (i.e., fractures, cranial trauma, large and/or deep skin lesions, post-fall syndrome; inability to get up; time on ground >1 h; hospitalization) (coded yes vs. no). |
Fear of falling (Are you afraid of falling? Never, almost never, sometimes, often, and very often) | |
Neurological diseases: | |
• Dementia (coded yes vs. no) | • Cognitive complaint (coded yes vs. no) |
• Mild cognitive impairment (coded yes vs. no) | |
• Dementia (coded yes vs. no), if yes stage (i.e., mild, moderate, severe) and etiology (i.e., AD, non-AD neurodegenerative, non-AD vascular, mixed) | |
• Global cognitive performance: MoCA score (Nasreddine et al., 2005) | |
• Other (coded yes vs. no) | • Parkinson's disease or parkinsonian syndromes (coded yes vs. no) |
• Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (coded yes vs. no) | |
• Cerebellar disease (coded yes vs. no) | |
• Myelopathy (coded yes vs. no) | |
• Peripheral neuropathy (coded yes vs. no) | |
Depressive symptoms (coded yes vs. no) | 4-item Geriatric Depression Scale score (Shah et al., 1997) |
Anxiety symptoms (coded yes vs. no) | 5-item Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (Byrne and Pachana, 2011) |
Major orthopedic diagnoses (e.g., osteoarthritis) involving the lumbar vertebrae, pelvis or lower extremities (coded yes vs. no) | |
Vision disorders (coded yes vs. no) | Distance binocular vision measured at 5 m with a standard scale, vision assessed with corrective lenses if needed |
Lower limb proprioception disorders (coded yes vs. no) | Lower limb proprioception evaluated with a graduated tuning fork placed on the tibial tuberosity: The mean value obtained for the left and right sides (/8) |
Muscle strength impairment (coded yes vs. no) | Hand grip strength: mean value of the highest value of maximal isometric voluntary contractions (3 trials) measured with computerized dynamometers expressed in Newtons per square meter |
Use of walking aid (coded yes vs. no) | |
GAIT CHARACTERISTICS | |
Clinical analysis | |
Subjective self-reported difficulties (coded never, almost never, sometimes, often, and very often) | |
Clinical gait abnormalities (coded yes vs. no) | |
Timed Up & Go score (s) (Podsiadlo and Richardson, 1991) | Timed Up & Go imagined form score (s) (Beauchet et al., 2010) |
Walking speed: time to walk 4 m at steady-state walking | |
Spatiotemporal analysis | |
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m, meter; kg, kilogram; s, second; cm, centimeter.