Table 3.

Comparison of cognitive outcomes between different lipid levels in all T2DM patients.

Cognitive tests	Stratified by different lipid levels		P	Pa
	HDL-c category
	HDL > 1.0 or 1.3 mmol/L	HDL ≤ 1.0 or 1.3 mmol/L
Global cognition	25.00 (22.00–27.00)	22.00 (19.00–25.50)	<0.001	<0.001
Psychomotor speed	65.00 (51.00–87.00)	70.00 (53.50–96.50)	0.102	0.159
Executive function	160.00 (130.00–210.00)	177.00 (130.00–256.50)	0.164	0.142
Verbal memory	5.82 ± 3.14	4.90 ± 2.52	0.018	0.047
Logical memory	7.24 ± 4.20	5.86 ± 3.55	0.014	0.030
Visual memory	12.00 (8.00–16.00)	10.00 (7.50–12.00)	0.006	0.018
Attention and working memory	11.00 (10.00–13.00)	11.00 (9.00–12.50)	0.017	0.023
	TG category
	TG < 1.7 mmol/L	TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L
Global cognition	25.00 (21.00–27.00)	24.00 (20.00–26.00)	0.280	0.193
Psychomotor speed	65.00 (51.00–85.00)	70.00 (54.00–99.50)	0.133	0.704
Executive function	155.00 (127.00–206.00)	178.00 (140.50–234.25)	0.066	0.359
Verbal memory	5.46 ± 2.72	5.56 ± 3.20	0.810	0.722
Logical memory	6.62 ± 4.02	6.89 ± 4.03	0.615	0.542
Visual memory	11.00 (8.00–16.00)	11.00 (8.00–14.75)	0.839	0.690
Attention and working memory	11.00 (10.00–13.00)	11.00 (9.00–13.00)	0.496	0.841
	LDL-c category
	LDL < 2.6 mmol/L	LDL ≥ 2.6 mmol/L
Global cognition	25.00 (21.00–27.00)	24.00 (21.00–27.00)	0.230	0.312
Psychomotor speed	68.00 (53.25–91.50)	67.00 (52.00–91.50)	0.754	0.715
Executive function	167.50 (134.00–231.75)	167.00 (128.00–220.00)	0.737	0.565
Verbal memory	5.74 ± 3.06	5.41 ± 2.89	0.440	0.490
Logical memory	6.85 ± 4.25	6.77 ± 3.91	0.887	0.955
Visual memory	12.00 (8.00–17.00)	10.00 (8.00–14.00)	0.146	0.129
Attention and working memory	11.00 (9.25–13.00)	11.00 (10.00–13.00)	0.757	0.589
	TC category
	TC < 4.5 mmol/L	TC ≥ 4.5 mmol/L
Global cognition	25.00 (21.50–27.00)	24.00 (20.00–26.00)	0.028	0.263
Psychomotor speed	65.00 (49.00–90.00)	69.00 (53.00–94.50)	0.306	0.494
Executive function	160.00 (128.50–214.50)	168.00 (130.00–229.50)	0.377	0.930
Verbal memory	6.02 ± 2.95	5.17 ± 2.89	0.033	0.080
Logical memory	6.97 ± 3.94	6.64 ± 4.07	0.544	0.817
Visual memory	11.00 (8.00–16.00)	11.00 (8.00–15.00)	0.568	0.760
Attention and working memory	11.00 (10.00–13.00)	11.00 (9.00–12.50)	0.249	0.484

^aAdjusted for education levels.

Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) as appropriate.

Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test were used for comparison variables.

T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol.