Table 2. Examples of NDV-vectored vaccines for antigen delivery (human use).

Pathogen	Vaccine type	Seed virus			Efficacy test		References
		Seed virus	Antigen	Insert site	Animal model	Vaccinationa) (route/time/titer per dose)
HIV-1	Live	NDV-HIV Gag	Gag	P/M	Mouse	i.n./twice/5 × 105 PFU	[32]
		rLaSota/gp160	Env (gp160)	P/M	Guinea pig	i.n./triple/3 × 105 PFU	[33]
		rNDV-Gag/Env, rNDV-Env/Gag	Env/Gag	P/M	Guinea pig	i.n./twice/3 × 105 PFU	[34]
Influenza virus A/H1N1	Live	rNDV/B1-HA	HA	P/M	Mouse	i.v./twice/3 × 107 PFU	[35]
HPAIV A/H5N1	Live	NDV-HA	HA	P/M	Monkey	o.n./twice/2 × 107 PFU	[36]
SARS-CoV	Live	NDV-VF/S	S	P/M	Monkey	o.n./twice/2 × 107 PFU	[37]
EBOV	Live	NDV/GP	GP	P/M	Monkey	o.n./twice/2 × 107 PFU	[38]
NiV	Live	rLa-NiVG, rLa-NiVF	G, F	P/M	Mouse	i.m./twice/2 × 108 EID50	[25]
NoV	Live	modified rNDV-VP1	VP1	P/M	Mouse	i.n./triple/3 × 104 EID50	[39]
RSV	Live	NDV-F	F	P/M	Mouse	i.n./single/5 × 105 PFU	[40]
HPIV-3	Live	NDV-LS/HN, NDV-BC/HN	HN	P/M	Monkey	o.n./twice/2 × 106.5 PFU	[41]

NDV, Newcastle disease virus; HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1; i.n., intranasal; HA, hemagglutinin; i.v., intravenous; HPAIV, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus; o.n., oro-nasal; SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; S, spike; EBOV, Ebola virus; GP, glycoprotein; NiV, Nipah virus; i.m., intramuscular; NoV, norovirus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; F, fusion; HPIV-3, human parainfluenza virus type 3; HN, hemagglutinin neuraminidase.

^a)Minimum test dose showing efficacy.