Table 3.

Correlates of arthritis assessed by multivariable binary logistic regression analysis.

Characteristic	Overall		Low-income countries		Middle-income countries
	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
Sex
Male	1.00		1.00		1.00
Female	1.58***	[1.50,1.67]	1.56***	[1.45,1.69]	1.62***	[1.51,1.74]
Age (years)	1.04***	[1.04,1.04]	1.04***	[1.04,1.04]	1.04***	[1.04,1.05]
Education
No formal	1.00		1.00		1.00
≤Primary	0.95	[0.88,1.01]	0.94	[0.86,1.02]	0.95	[0.84,1.07]
Secondary completed	0.75***	[0.69,0.82]	0.71***	[0.63,0.80]	0.82**	[0.72,0.94]
Tertiary completed	0.69***	[0.62,0.78]	0.62***	[0.51,0.76]	0.78**	[0.66,0.92]
Wealth
Poorest	1.00		1.00		1.00
Poorer	1.04	[0.97,1.13]	1.08	[0.97,1.20]	0.98	[0.88,1.08]
Middle	0.97	[0.90,1.05]	0.98	[0.88,1.09]	0.94	[0.85,1.04]
Richer	0.90*	[0.82,0.98]	0.92	[0.81,1.04]	0.86**	[0.76,0.96]
Richest	0.86**	[0.78,0.95]	0.88	[0.76,1.01]	0.84**	[0.74,0.95]
Setting
Rural	1.00		1.00		1.00
Urban	0.94	[0.87,1.01]	0.93	[0.82,1.05]	0.95	[0.87,1.04]
Smoking
No	1.00		1.00		1.00
Yes	1.16***	[1.08,1.23]	1.17**	[1.07,1.29]	1.16***	[1.07,1.26]
Alcohol consumption
Never/non-heavy	1.00		1.00		1.00
Infrequent heavy	1.01	[0.89,1.16]	1.26	[0.97,1.64]	0.94	[0.81,1.09]
Frequent heavy	0.96	[0.77,1.20]	1.17	[0.88,1.55]	0.82	[0.59,1.15]
Angina	2.90***	[2.71,3.10]	2.86***	[2.59,3.15]	2.92***	[2.69,3.17]
Asthma	1.49***	[1.34,1.66]	1.49***	[1.28,1.75]	1.50***	[1.31,1.73]
Diabetes	1.58***	[1.38,1.82]	1.85***	[1.45,2.36]	1.39***	[1.18,1.64]
BMI (kg/m2)
18.5–24.9	1.00		1.00		1.00
25.0–29.9	1.12**	[1.05,1.21]	1.06	[0.95,1.19]	1.21***	[1.11,1.32]
≥30.0	1.34***	[1.20,1.50]	1.17	[0.97,1.42]	1.56***	[1.39,1.74]
<18.5	0.99	[0.91,1.08]	0.97	[0.87,1.08]	1.02	[0.89,1.16]

Abbreviation: OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval; BMI Body mass index.

The models are adjusted for all variables in the table and country.

Turkey is not included in the regression analyses as it lacked information on education.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.