Table 4.

The association between arthritis and mental health outcomes estimated by multinomial and binary logistic regression.

Outcome	Overall		Low-income countries		Middle-income countries
	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
Multinomial logistic regression
Psychosis
Symptom (−) Diagnosis (−)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Symptom (+) Diagnosis (−)	1.85***	[1.72,1.99]	1.77***	[1.59,1.97]	1.98***	[1.79,2.18]
Diagnosis (+)	2.48***	[2.05,3.01]	2.27***	[1.77,2.91]	2.98***	[2.24,3.97]
Depression type
No depression	1.00		1.00		1.00
Subsyndromal depression	1.92***	[1.64,2.26]	1.89***	[1.55,2.30]	2.06***	[1.59,2.67]
Brief depressive episode	2.14***	[1.88,2.43]	2.09***	[1.75,2.49]	2.23***	[1.86,2.68]
Depressive episode	2.43***	[2.21,2.67]	2.39***	[2.10,2.73]	2.51***	[2.21,2.83]
Binary logistic regression
Anxietya	1.75***	[1.63,1.88]	1.69***	[1.53,1.86]	1.84***	[1.65,2.05]
Sleep problems	2.23***	[2.05,2.43]	2.25***	[1.99,2.55]	2.21***	[1.98,2.47]
Perceived stressb	1.43***	[1.33,1.53]	1.40***	[1.28,1.52]	1.49***	[1.35,1.65]

Abbreviation: OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval.

All models are adjusted for sex, age, education, wealth, setting, smoking, alcohol consumption, angina, asthma, diabetes, BMI, and country.

Turkey is not included in the regression analyses as it lacked information on education.

^aMorocco is not included as it lacked information on anxiety.

^bBrazil, Hungary, and Zimbabwe are not included as they lacked information on perceived stress.

***p < 0.001.