Table 2.

Effect of DKK-proteins in acute and chronic renal tubular injury

Effect of DKK-proteins in acute and chronic renal tubular injury
Species	Protein	Injury model	Effect	Reference
mouse	DKK1 recombinant	UUO 7–14 days	Reduction of cMyc, twist, collagen, fibronectin, fibrosis	He W et al., JASN 20:765–766, 2009 [10]
mouse	Recombinant C2 cysteine-rich domain of DKK2 infused	Bilateral IRI (infusion starts at day 0 or 1)	Tubular regeneration and faster fall of serum creatinine	Lin SL, PNAS 107:4194–4199, 2010 [18]
human	SNPs of DKK3 and mRNA DKK3	Adult polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)	Association with large cysts	Liu M et al., JASN 21:1510–1520, 2010 [19]
mouse	DKK1 AAV-increased circulating DKK1	UUO 4 days/unilateral IRI	DKK1 binding to LRP6 blocking PDGFBB pathway inhibiting inflammation, fibrosis	Ren S et al., PNAS 110:1440–1445, 2013 [30]
mouse/human	DKK3 deficiency	UUO 21 days/adenine nephropathy28 days/human urine	General and tubular specific DKK3 deficiency with reduction of tubular epithelial dedifferentiation and decrease of fibrosis. In man, DKK3 in urine: marker of extent of tubular atrophy and fibrosis	Federico G et al., JCI Insight 1:e84916, 2016 [6]
mouse	DKK1 recombinant	UUO	Inflammation, fibrosis downregulated	Johnson BG et al., JASN 6080826, 2017 [13]

IRI ischemia reperfusion injury, UUO unilateral ureteral obstruction