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. 2017 Aug 2;7:7105. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07115-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ventral striatal activation associated with gradually increased risk level in both groups during the BART. (A) The functional ventral striatum (VS) ROI was defined based on the CBF results and used to extract VS activation associated with the 9 risk levels. Both groups showed increased brain activation in VS associated with higher risk levels. The post-con group consistently had greater activation across all risk levels (range 1 to 9) compared to the pre-con+con group, and a repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect between the two groups (F = 5.492, p = 0.018). (B) The independent VS ROI was defined based on previous literature²⁴ and used for an additional ROI analysis. This additional analysis revealed similar results. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect between the two groups (F = 5.371, p = 0.024).