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. 2017 Aug 2;7:7110. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07672-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time-course of tissue modifications observed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining in the scaffolds explanted at 2 (A,D), 4 (B,E) or 8 (C,F) weeks after subcutaneous implantation, either with (A–C) or without (D–F) the addition of hADSCs. It is evident that the material was wrapped, and then invaded, by fibroblast-like cells (asterisks in G), and this process was more robust in scaffolds seeded with hADSCs (compare A,B with D,E). Along the observed time-points, the material undergone a visible mineralization that, again, appeared dramatically increased in scaffolds seeded with hADSCs prior to implantation (compare A–C with D–F). In particular, the scaffold appeared almost completely mineralized at 8 weeks (C). The mineralization is evident also comparing the scaffolds sections at low magnification in H (2 weeks, without hADSCs) and I (8 weeks, with hADSCs). The formation of vascular elements is evident in G (arrow) and at higher magnification in J (arrows). Scale bar in A for A-F: 100 μm; in G: 200 μm; in H for H, I: 1 mm; in J: 50 μm.