Table 2. Timing, Methods, and Results of the Cooling Intervention With Included Protocol Violations.
| 48-Hour Group (n = 175) |
24-Hour Group (n = 176) |
P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time to intervention, median (IQR), min | |||
| Time from ROSC to start of TTMa | 102 (47-174) | 112 (33-185) | .92 |
| Time from ROSC to achievement of target temperatureb | 281 (217-360) | 320 (241-404) | .01 |
| TTM methods used, No. (%) | |||
| Surface coolingc | 75 (43) | 81 (46) | .55 |
| Invasive cooling catheterc | 114 (65) | 104 (59) | .24 |
| Cold fluid bolus | 65 (37) | 58 (33) | .41 |
| Rewarming, mean (SD) | |||
| Rate, °C/h | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | .08 |
| Rewarming duration, h | 10 (4) | 10 (3) | .65 |
| Protocol violations | |||
| Rewarmed to 36°C or above before scheduled time (protocol violations), No. (%) | 11 (6.3) | 3 (1.7) | .03 |
| Bradycardia or conduction disturbance | 3 | 0 | |
| Arrhythmia | 3 | 0 | |
| Refractory cardiac arrest | 1 | 0 | |
| Circulatory shock | 2 | 0 | |
| Excessive sedation requirement | 1 | 0 | |
| Brain death | 0 | 2 | |
| Equipment problem | 1 | 0 | |
| Unspecified | 0 | 1 | |
| Temperatures after TTM, mean (SD), °C | |||
| 60 h from target temperature | 37.0 (1.0) | 37.2 (0.6) | .02 |
| 72 h from target temperature | 37.2 (0.8) | 37.4 (0.7) | .16 |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; TTM, targeted temperature management.
a
Data missing for 72 patients. Exact time was impossible to determine because of pre-ICU start of cooling.
b
Data missing for 5 patients.
c
Some units used both surface and invasive cooling.