Table 1.

Characteristics of patients with CKD and healthy controls

Variables	Healthy control	CKD 3	CKD 4	CKD 5	p
No. of patients	20	32	38	25
Gender, M, n (%)	9 (47%)	22 (69%)	25 (66%)	13 (52%)	0.225
Age (year)	39.7±16.7	40.3±11.3	44.5±14.4	44.0±13.7	0.443
BMI (kg/m2)	23.3±4.3	24.4±4.2	24.7±3.6	23.8±4.2	0.582
MAP (mm Hg)	89.5±9.3*	95.0±9.4*	97.5±8.5**	103.8±17.2*	<0.001
Haemoglobin (g/L)	136.3±17.4*	131.2±20.2*	118.9±18.1**	98.5±14.2*	<0.001
White blood cell (109/L)	6.1±1.6	7.1±2.1	7.1±1.5	6.9±2.2	0.398
Serum albumin (g/L)	43.2±2.9*	41.1±3.4	40.7±3.4	39.1±3.6*	0.004
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)	69.4±13.5*	155.5±31.5**	265.7±63.4**	542.1±237.1*	<0.001
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2	101.4±21.9*	48.9±13.9**	24.7±6.3**	10.9±4.1*	<0.001
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.2±0.9	4.2±1.2	4.2±0.8	4.0±0.9	0.959
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.2±0.6	1.9±0.9*	2.3±1.1**	1.7±0.8	0.003
UACR (mg/g)	7.3±2.7*	201.9±142.7**	313.8±139.5**	472.2±224.1*	<0.001
CHD, n (%)	2 (10%)	1 (3%)	3 (8%)	1 (4%)	0.753
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	1 (5%)	2 (6%)	3 (8%)	3 (11%)	0.523
Current smoking, n (%)	2 (10%)	7 (21%)	6 (15%)	1 (4%)	0.457

Data are expressed as mean±SD or median (IQR) as appropriate.

*p<0.05 versus CKD 5 group, **p<0.05 versus control group.

BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.