Table 2. Difference in Mean Per-Item Nutrients in Children's Menu Items From 2012-2015 Among U.S. Chain Restaurants Participating in Kids LiveWell as of January 2015 and Non-Participating Restaurants.
| Variable | Beverage | Entréea | Side dishb | Dessert |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Restaurants participating in Kids LiveWell | ||||
| No. of restaurants | 14 | 15 | 14 | 8 |
| No. of children's menu items | 890 | 639 | 321 | 152 |
| 2012, M (SD) | ||||
| Calories (kcal) | 143 (10.2) | 373 (14.0) | 156 (14.9) | 350 (21.3) |
| Sodium (mg) | – | 796 (30.9) | 252 (34.8) | 158 (13.5) |
| Saturated fat (g) | – | 6.1 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.3) | 9.3 (0.6) |
| Change, 2012–2013, M (95% CI) | ||||
| Calories (kcal) | 3 (−4.0, 10.4) | −21 (−35.6, −5.9)** | 3 (−21.9, 27.2) | −2 (−22.0, 18.5) |
| Sodium (mg) | – | −30 (−70.0, 9.6) | −7 (−79.1, 65.7) | 11 (−1.8, 23.2) |
| Saturated fat (g) | – | −0.4 (−0.7,0.0)* | 0.0 (−0.5, 0.5) | −0.2 (−1.0, 0.5) |
| Change, 2012–2014, M (95% CI) | ||||
| Calories (kcal) | 13 (−0.1, 25.4) | −24 (−49.2, 1.9) | 24 (−7.6, 55.6) | −3 (−31.0, 25.0) |
| Sodium (mg) | – | −21 (−89.1, 47.3) | 53 (−31.4, 136.4) | 6 (−2.7, 15.4) |
| Saturated fat (g) | – | 0.2 (−0.5, 0.8) | 0.2 (−0.4, 0.8) | −0.2 (−1.2, 0.9) |
| Change, 2012–2015, M (95% CI) | ||||
| Calories (kcal) | 14 (0.3, 27.1)* | −12 (−39.2, 15.4) | 17 (−12.2, 45.5) | −7 (−34.4, 21.5) |
| Sodium (mg) | – | −24 (−95.1, 46.7) | 31 (−48.8, 110.2) | 6 (−5.3, 17.1) |
| Saturated fat (g) | – | 0.5 (−0.2, 1.2) | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.6) | −0.4 (−1.3, 0.6) |
| Restaurants not participating in Kids LiveWell | ||||
| No. of restaurants | 26 | 25 | 19 | 7 |
| No. of children's menu items | 996 | 739 | 210 | 69 |
| 2012, M (SE) | ||||
| Calories (kcal) | 134 (6.1) | 349 (9.8) | 162 (16.0) | 353 (33.1) |
| Sodium (mg) | – | 788 (26.8) | 214 (27.6) | 151 (21.1) |
| Saturated fat (g) | – | 6.0 (0.3) | 1.8 (0.4) | 11.0 (1.7) |
| Change, 2012–2013, M (95% CI) | ||||
| Calories (kcal) | 7 (0.9, 13.7)* | 3 (−4.2, 10.3) | −12 (−24.9, 0.2) | 12 (−30.2, 54.6) |
| Sodium (mg) | – | −1 (−24.0, 22.4) | −13 (−50.1, 23.1) | 9 (−14.1, 31.4) |
| Saturated fat (g) | – | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.4) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | 0.4 (−1.9, 2.7) |
| Change, 2012–2014, M (95% CI) | ||||
| Calories (kcal) | 9 (1.6, 16.3)* | 16 (3.7, 28.5)* | −16 (−39.8, 8.5) | 2 (−43.5, 46.7) |
| Sodium (mg) | – | 27 (−8.1, 62.3) | 3 (−41.1, 47.1) | 14 (−17.1, 46.0) |
| Saturated fat (g) | – | 0.2 (−0.4, 0.7) | −0.4 (−1.0, 0.2) | −0.3 (−2.9, 2.3) |
| Change, 2012–2015, M (95% CI) | ||||
| Calories (kcal) | −1 (−8.7, 7.4) | 8 (−9.8, 24.8) | −32 (−64.0, 0.10) | −15 (−58.1, 27.5) |
| Sodium (mg) | – | −3 (−49.9, 43.1) | −13 (−71.4, 44.9) | 6 (−26.7, 38.9) |
| Saturated fat (g) | – | 0.0 (−0.7, 0.7) | -0.9 (−1.7, −0.1)* | −0.8 (−3.6, 1.9) |
| Difference in difference | ||||
| Change, 2012–2013, M (95% CI) | ||||
| Calories (kcal) | −4 (−13.3, 5.2) | −24 (−40.4, −7.2)** | 15 (−12.7, 42.7) | −14 (−59.7, 31.8) |
| Sodium (mg) | – | −29 (−76.0, 17.2) | 7 (−71.6, 85.1) | 2 (−23.5, 27.6) |
| Saturated fat (g) | – | −0.5 (−0.9, −0.1)* | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.6) | −0.6 (−3.0, 1.8) |
| Change, 2012–2014, M (95% CI) | ||||
| Calories (kcal) | 4 (−10.2, 17.6) | −40 (−68.1, −11.4)** | 40 (−1.3, 80.6) | −5 (−56.8, 47.6) |
| Sodium (mg) | – | −48 (−126.7, 30.6) | 49 (−42.7, 141.7) | −8 (−39.7, 23.5) |
| Saturated fat (g) | – | 0.0 (−0.9, 0.9) | 0.6 (−0.3, 1.4) | 0.1 (−2.6, 2.8) |
| Change, 2012–2015, M (95% CI) | ||||
| Calories (kcal) | 14 (−1.0, 29.6) | −19 (−50.6, 11.8) | 49 (4.6, 92.7)* | 9 (−41.6, 59.2) |
| Sodium (mg) | – | −21 (−106.2, 64.6) | 44 (−57.1, 144.9) | 0 (−34.7, 34.2) |
| Saturated fat (g) | – | 0.4 (−0.5, 1.4) | 0.9 (−0.1, 1.9) | 0.5 (−2.3, 3.3) |
Note: Changes in mean per-item calories, sodium, and saturated fat adjusted for whether a restaurant chain is national or not, and restaurant type (fast food, full service, fast casual). Random intercepts for restaurant were included to account for correlation between items within restaurant chains. Coefficients and SEs are bootstrapped estimates. Boldface indicates statistical significance
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
a
Includes burgers, entrées, pizza, salads, sandwiches, and soups not categorized as appetizers or side dishes.
b
Includes appetizers and sides, fried potatoes, and baked goods (i.e., bread, rolls, and biscuits).
No., number.