Table 3.
Barriers to recruitment of South Asian populations
| First author, year of publication | |||||||||||
| Recruitment barrier | Waheed, 20163636 | Brown, 201437 | Macneill, 201329 | Douglas, 201141 | Rooney, 201139 | Samsudeen, 201142 | Sheikh, 200999 | Lloyd, 200843 | Hussain-Gambles, 200427 | Shelton, 200446 | Hussain-Gambles, 200632 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARTICIPANT RELATED | |||||||||||
| Disinterest or lack of feeling of belonging | |||||||||||
| Immigrant perceptions of not belonging37 to society meant to benefit from research | X | X | |||||||||
| Lack of interest, misgivings about scientific importance or benefit | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Prior treatment for disease (trial participation perceived as unnecessary) | X | X | |||||||||
| Utilisation of disease-specific services (eg, mental health services) | X | ||||||||||
| Conflicts | |||||||||||
| Decisional hierarchies and gender | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Substance abuse or mental health issues | X | ||||||||||
| Religious or cultural conflicts | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Education or training related | |||||||||||
| Poor understanding of research intentions among community or religious leaders | X | ||||||||||
| Lack of understanding about consent process | X | ||||||||||
| Logistics or opportunity costs | |||||||||||
| Potential costs associated with participating | X | X | |||||||||
| Time spent away from work, travel time, family and other commitments | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
| Logistical issues related to transportation or location | X | ||||||||||
| Lack of being approached | X | ||||||||||
| Fear or inhibitions | |||||||||||
| Fear of being reported to immigration | X | ||||||||||
| Stigma of being labelled with a health condition | X | X | |||||||||
| Concerns about adverse effects (i.e., related to interventions in clinical trials) | X | X | X | X | |||||||
| Fear of finding out health status | X | ||||||||||
| Mistrust of research | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Previous poor experiences participating in research | X | ||||||||||
| RESEARCHER OR RESEARCH RELATED | |||||||||||
| Culture or language related | |||||||||||
| Language (lack of study materials and communication in South Asian languages) or cultural issues (eg, lack of respect for gender segregation, religious practices) | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
| Logistics | |||||||||||
| Under-representation of ethnic population at recruitment sites | X | ||||||||||
| Costs associated with elevated recruitment requirements | X | X | |||||||||
| Limited time to recruit or requirement for repeated recruitment efforts | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Need for care coordinator to be present | X | ||||||||||
| Study design | |||||||||||
| Lack of appropriate (ie, South Asian specific or validated) assessment tools | X | ||||||||||
| Narrow entry criteria | X | ||||||||||
| Awareness | |||||||||||
| Stereotypes about difficulties of engaging with South Asian populations | X | X | |||||||||
| Researchers' attitudes (eg, apathy) | X | X | |||||||||