Table 3.
Univariate linear mixed model for the association between treatment satisfaction and factors, adjusted for country and physician
| β | 95% CI | p Value | |
| Age (1 year increase) | 0.03 | 0.01 to 0.06 | 0.008 |
| Sex | 0.16 | −0.37 to 0.70 | 0.545 |
| Diabetes duration (1 year increase) | 0.02 | −0.02 to 0.05 | 0.305 |
| Treatment setting | −0.92 | −2.11 to 0.26 | 0.127 |
| Country* | <0.001 | ||
| Belgium | −1.47 | −2.90 to −0.03 | 0.046 |
| France | −3.20 | −4.67 to −1.74 | <0.001 |
| Germany | 0.21 | −1.15 to 1.57 | 0.765 |
| Ireland | −0.05 | −1.57 to 1.48 | 0.953 |
| Italy | −1.76 | −3.47 to −0.05 | 0.043 |
| The Netherlands | 0.95 | −0.66 to 2.55 | 0.248 |
| Sweden | −0.06 | −1.52 to 1.40 | 0.932 |
| UK | -ref. | -ref. | -ref. |
| Currently treated depression† | −1.34 | −2.34 to −0.37 | 0.007 |
| Microvascular complications | −0.27 | −0.84 to 0.31 | 0.359 |
| Macrovascular complications | 0.62 | 0.08 to 1.17 | 0.024 |
| Current smoking | −0.20 | −1.02 to 0.61 | 0.625 |
| Diabetes education received | 1.65 | 0.93 to 2.37 | <0.001 |
| Health status (EQ-5D-VAS) (1 unit increase‡) | 0.09 | 0.08 to 0.11 | <0.001 |
| DTSQ 2: perceived hyperglycaemia (1 unit increase§) | −0.59 | −0.76 to −0.43 | <0.001 |
| DTSQ 3: perceived hypoglycaemia (1 unit increase§) | −0.32 | −0.67 to 0.03 | 0.068 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) (1 unit increase) | −0.03 | −0.07 to 0.02 | 0.276 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (1 unit increase) | −0.01 | −0.02 to 0.01 | 0.356 |
| HbA1c (%) (1 unit increase) | −0.80 | −1.00 to −0.61 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) (1 unit increase) | −0.07 | −0.09 to −0.06 | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) (1 unit increase) | −0.31 | −0.44 to −0.17 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) (1 unit increase) | −0.27 | −0.53 to −0.02 | 0.034 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) (1 unit increase) | −0.19 | −0.52 to 0.13 | 0.238 |
| Injection frequency (1 unit increase ||) | −0.10 | −0.38 to 0.18 | 0.482 |
Reference categories: sex = women; treatment setting = primary care; currently treated depression = no, microvascular complications = no; macrovascular complications = no; current smoking = no; diabetes education = no.
*Only adjusted for physician. †n = 1768.‡On a 0–100 scale.§On a seven-point Likert scale. ||On a five-point Likert scale.
β, regression coefficient; DTSQ, Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire; EQ-5D-VAS, EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire Visual Analogue Scale; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; ref., reference category.