Table 1.
Descriptive analyses of participant perceived stress and its determinants as a total sample and according to bicycle commuting status
| Variables | Total sample (788) | Bicycle commuting status | |||||
| Non-bicycle commuters (390) | Bicycle commuters (398) | p Value* | |||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Outcome | |||||||
| Stressed (median) (yes) | 280 | 35.53 | 162 | 41.97 | 118 | 30.33 | 0.001 |
| Individual determinants | |||||||
| Age (median; P25–P75) | 36 | 29–43 | 37 | 30–45 | 35 | 29–41 | 0.025 |
| Total PA – min/week (median; P25–P75) | 424.99 | 269.99–700.00 | 374.99 | 209.99–624.99 | 484.98 | 329.99–734.99 | <0.001 |
| MVPA – min/week (median; P25–P75) | 197.49 | 72.50–374.99 | 90.00 | 0–240.00 | 299.99 | 159.99–464.99 | <0.001 |
| VPA – min/week (median; P25–P75) | 72.50 | 0–180.00 | 35.00 | 0–134.99 | 105.00 | 0–225.00 | <0.001 |
| Gender (woman) | 410 | 52.03 | 234 | 60.00 | 176 | 44.22 | <0.001 |
| Country of birth (non-Spanish) | 97 | 12.31 | 41 | 10.51 | 56 | 14.11 | 0.125 |
| Working status (student) | 104 | 13.20 | 347 | 87.19 | 51 | 12.81 | 0.748 |
| Education level (university studies completed or equivalent-level education) | 551 | 69.92 | 247 | 63.33 | 304 | 76.38 | <0.001 |
| Living with family/partner | 635 | 80.58 | 327 | 83.85 | 308 | 77.58 | 0.026 |
| Employed people in household (2–5) | 510 | 64.72 | 261 | 67.27 | 249 | 62.88 | 0.198 |
| MEDEA Index | 0.355 | ||||||
| First tertile (least deprived) | 263 | 33.38 | 130 | 33.33 | 133 | 33.42 | |
| Second tertile | 263 | 33.38 | 122 | 31.28 | 141 | 35.43 | |
| Third tertile (most deprived) | 262 | 33.25 | 138 | 35.38 | 124 | 31.16 | |
| Children in household (yes) | 279 | 35.41 | 151 | 38.82 | 128 | 32.24 | 0.054 |
| Children <3 years in household (yes) | 64 | 8.12 | 36 | 9.25 | 28 | 7.07 | 0.264 |
| Self-perceived health (very good/excellent) | 323 | 40.99 | 140 | 35.90 | 183 | 45.98 | 0.004 |
| BMI (overweight/obese) | 212 | 26.9 | 124 | 31.96 | 88 | 22.11 | 0.002 |
| Chronic disease (yes) | 61 | 7.74 | 25 | 6.41 | 36 | 9.05 | 0.166 |
| Stress releasing (agreement) | 658 | 83.50 | 302 | 79.47 | 356 | 90.59 | <0.001 |
| Bicycle trip enjoyment (agreement) | 629 | 79.82 | 249 | 65.35 | 380 | 96.20 | <0.001 |
| Environmental determinants | |||||||
| Commute distance, estimated (km) (mean; SD) | 3.85 | 2.05 | 4.38 | 2.25 | 3.35 | 1.70 | <0.001 |
| Public bicycle stations (mean; SD) | |||||||
| Home, count in 400 m buffer | 4.25 | 2.54 | 3.75 | 2.51 | 4.75 | 2.47 | <0.001 |
| Work/study, count in 400 m buffer | 4.92 | 3.11 | 4.50 | 3.13 | 5.33 | 3.04 | <0.001 |
| Greenness, NDVI (mean; SD) | |||||||
| Home, average in 400 m buffer | 0.79 | 1.07 | 0.91 | 1.08 | 0.68 | 1.06 | <0.001 |
| Work/study, average in 400 m buffer | 0.62 | 0.96 | 0.70 | 1.07 | 0.55 | 0.83 | 0.086 |
| Commute route, average in RBA | 0.97 | 0.96 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.062 |
| NO2 (μg m−3)(mean; SD) | |||||||
| Home, concentration in 400 m buffer | 76.20 | 17.52 | 75.16 | 17.12 | 77.21 | 17.87 | 0.058 |
| Work/study, concentration in 400 m buffer | 78.43 | 22.51 | 78.56 | 23.92 | 78.31 | 21.10 | 0.843 |
| Commute route, concentration in RBA | 84.40 | 16.97 | 84.24 | 16.82 | 84.55 | 17.13 | 0.987 |
| Noise, >55 dB (mean; SD) | |||||||
| Home, proportion in 400 m buffer | 78.63 | 11.40 | 78.77 | 10.99 | 78.50 | 11.79 | 0.823 |
| Work/study, proportion in 400 m buffer | 79.59 | 14.66 | 79.09 | 14.86 | 80.07 | 14.46 | 0.369 |
| Commute route, proportion in RBA | 77.40 | 9.04 | 77.51 | 8.58 | 77.30 | 9.48 | 0.924 |
| Bikeability (mean; SD) | |||||||
| Home, weighted average in 400 m buffer | 6.20 | 1.41 | 5.93 | 1.45 | 6.46 | 1.31 | <0.001 |
| Work/study, weighted average in 400 m buffer | 6.56 | 1.39 | 6.31 | 1.54 | 6.79 | 1.17 | <0.001 |
| Commute route, weighted average in RBA | 6.70 | 1.12 | 6.45 | 1.20 | 6.94 | 0.98 | <0.001 |
Data are n and %, unless otherwise noted. There are missing data in perceived stress (13; 1.65%), total PA (5; 0.63%), country of birth (1; 0.13%), living with family/partner (1; 0.13%), employed people in household (4; 0.51), children in household (2; 0.25%), children <3 years old in household (3; 0.38%), BMI (2; 0.25%), stress releasing (15; 1.90%), bicycle trip enjoyment (12; 1.52%), commute distance (20; 2.54%), greenness (20; 2.54%), NO2 (20; 2.54%) . * χ2test, except for age, total PA, MVPA, VPA and all the environmental determinants (Mann Whitney U test).
BMI, body mass index; MEDEA, Mortalidad en áreas pequeñas Españolas y Desigualdades socioEconómicas y Ambientales, in Spanish (Environmental and socioEconomic Inequalities in Mortality in small Spanish areas, translated to English); MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; NDVI, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index; PA, physical activity; RBA, route by area; total PA, total physical activity; VPA, vigorous physical activity.