Figure 4.

Structural equation models (SEM) that describe the combined effects of natural history traits and sensitivity to weather on spatial synchrony. Paths are represented similarly to figure 3. ‘Dispersal 1’ and ‘Dispersal 2’ refer to two factors extracted from a factor analysis of species-specific dispersal propensity (see Methods). ‘Climate 1’ and ‘Climate 2’ refer to two factors extracted from a factor analysis of sensitivity to local weather. (a) An SEM constructed using data from all focal species, which was well supported (${\chi }_{18}^2=15.2$, p = 0.65, n = 65). (b) An SEM calculated while omitting migratory taxa (electronic supplementary material, table S1) which was not supported (${\chi }_{18}^2=36.1$, p = 0.007, n = 56), though individual path coefficients remain informative.