Table 4.
Association between dietary intake of vitamin D, omega-3 FA, folate and EULAR response after 3 months
| Nutrient intake | n | OR (95 % CI) Age and sex adjustment |
OR (95 % CI) Multivariable adjustment |
| Vitamin D | 727 | ||
| First quartile: ≤4.25 µg/day | 182 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quartile: 4.26–5.42 µg/day | 170 | 1.07 (0.70 to 1.64) | 0.94 (0.59 to 1.50) |
| Third quartile: 5.43–6.96 µg/day | 184 | 1.15 (0.75 to 1.77) | 1.11 (0.70 to 1.76) |
| Fourth quartile: >6.97 µg/day | 191 | 1.75 (1.13 to 2.71) | 1.61 (1.01 to 2.57) |
| p Value, quartile 4 vs 1 | 0.012 | 0.048 | |
| Omega-3 FA | 727 | ||
| First quartile: ≤0.45 g/day | 180 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quartile: 0.46–0.62 g/day | 192 | 1.25 (0.82 to 1.89) | 1.28 (0.82 to 2.00) |
| Third quartile: 0.63–0.83 g/day | 183 | 1.35 (0.89 to 2.07) | 1.35 (0.85 to 2.13) |
| Fourth quartile: >0.84 g/day | 172 | 1.64 (1.07 to 2.53) | 1.68 (1.05 to 2.68) |
| p Value, quartile 4 vs 1 | 0.024 | 0.030 | |
| Folate | 727 | ||
| First quartile: ≤244.88 µg/day | 201 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quartile: 244.89–296.86 µg/day | 182 | 1.32 (0.88 to 1.99) | 1.40 (0.90 to 2.16) |
| Third quartile: 296.87–365.70 µg/day | 193 | 1.59 (1.07 to 2.38) | 1.66 (1.07 to 2.58) |
| Fourth quartile: >365.71 µg/day | 151 | 1.14 (0.74 to 1.75) | 1.11 (0.69 to 1.79) |
| p value, quartile 4 vs 1 | 0.557 | 0.672 |
Multivariable adjustment for age (11 5-year age groups), sex, smoking pack-years, total energy intake (tertiles), supplementation (vitamin D, omega-3 FA/fish oil and folic acid), BMI (continuous), education level (high school and university) and PA (sedentary PA, moderate occasional PA, moderate regular PA and regular exercise), DAS28 at baseline (continuous) and use of DMARDs and GC baseline (yes or no).
p Value: comparison between fourth and first quartiles.
BMI, body mass index; DAS28, 28-joint Disease Activity Score; DMARDs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; EULAR, European League Against Rheumatism; FA, fatty acid; GC, glucocorticoids; PA, physical activity.