Table 1.
Prenatal and postpartum characteristics of the women with GDM enrolled into the SWIFT Study (N = 888)
| Characteristics | Total N = 888 | < 5 kg 1-yr. weight retention (N = 690) | ≥ 5 kg 1-yr. weight retention (N = 198) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Age (yr) | 32.6 ± 4.8 | 32.9 ± 4.6 | 31.8 ± 5.1 | 0.005 |
| Maternal Race/ Ethnicity | 0.005 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 214 (24.1) | 162 (23.5) | 52 (26.3) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 68 (7.7) | 44 (6.4) | 24 (12.1) | |
| Hispanics | 260 (29.3) | 197 (28.6) | 63 (31.8) | |
| Asian | 329 (37.1) | 275 (39.9) | 54 (27.3) | |
| Other | 17 (1.9) | 12 (1.7) | 5 (2.5) | |
| Education level | <.001 | |||
| High school or less | 207 (23.3) | 155 (22.5) | 52 (26.2) | |
| Some college | 245 (27.6) | 172 (24.9) | 73 (36.9) | |
| ≥ 4 years of college | 436 (49.1) | 363 (52.6) | 73 (36.9) | |
| Receiving WIC benefits | <.001 | |||
| No | 668 (75.2) | 538 (78.0) | 130 (65.7) | |
| Yes | 220 (24.8) | 152 (22.0) | 68 (34.3) | |
| Maternal Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 29.4 ± 7.1 | 28.9 ± 6.7 | 31.1 ± 8.3 | <.001 |
| Total GWG (kg) | 10.2 ± 6.6 | 9.2 ± 5.9 | 14.0 ± 7.4 | <.001 |
| Weight Retention at Baseline (kg) | 1.2 ± 6.0 | 0.1 ± 5.4 | 5.3 ± 6.0 | <.001 |
| Breastfeeding Duration (months) | 8.9 ± 7.2 | 9.3 ± 7.2 | 7.8 ± 7.2 | 0.001 |
| Infant Gestational Age (weeks) | 39.0 ± 1.1 | 39.1 ± 1.1 | 39.0 ± 1.2 | 0.608 |
| Infant Birth Weight (g) | 3404.6 ± 500.8 | 3392.4 ± 494.0 | 3446.8 ± 522.7 | 0.178 |
| Total GWG for IOM Levels: | <.001 | |||
| Excessive | 306 (34.5) | 188 (27.2) | 118 (59.5) | |
| Within or Below | 582 (65.5) | 502 (72.8) | 80 (40.5) | |
| 2-h 75 g OGTT at Baseline: | 0.002 | |||
| Normal | 579 (65.2) | 468 (67.8) | 111 (56.1) | |
| Pre-diabetes | 309 (34.8) | 222 (32.2) | 87 (43.9) | |
| Breastfeeding Duration Categories: | 0.01 | |||
| 0 to <2 months | 169 (19.0) | 123 (17.8) | 46 (23.2) | |
| 2 to 5 months | 175 (19.7) | 126 (18.3) | 49 (24.8) | |
| > 5 to 10 months | 186 (21.0) | 144 (20.9) | 42 (21.2) | |
| > 10 months | 358 (40.3) | 297 (43.0) | 61 (30.8) | |
| Transition to Pre-DM or DM at 1-yr.: | 0.004 | |||
| Normal at baseline and 1-yr | 361 (42.4) | 301 (45.3) | 60 (31.9) | |
| Pre-DM at baseline, & not DM at 1-yr | 255 (30) | 187 (28.2) | 68 (36.2) | |
| Normal at baseline, developed pre-DM or DM at 1-yr | 236 (27.7) | 176 (26.5) | 60 (31.9) |
Data are n (%), or mean ± SD; Chi-square or t-tests were performed to assess significant different in demographics between weight retention categories. BMI Body Mass Index, WIC Women, Infant, and Children, GWG gestational weight gain, IOM Institute of Medicine, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, BF breastfeeding, Pre-DM Pre-diabetes, DM Diabetes