Table 4.

Logistic regression analysis showing trends in maternity care indicators in Nepal (1994–2011), stratified by ecological zone, rural-urban residence, age group, wealth quintile education, and caste/ethnicity (N = 22,437).

	Four ANC		Institutional delivery		C-section
	Univariate OR (95% CI)	Multivariate AOR (95% CI)	Univariate OR (95% CI)	Multivariate AOR (95% CI)	Univariate OR (95% CI)	Multivariate AOR (95% CI)
Overall yearly trend	1.18	1.18	1.16	1.17	1.14	1.12
	(1.15–1.20)	(1.15–1.19)	(1.14–1.18)	(1.15–1.19)	(1.11–1.18)	(1.09–1.15)
Ecological belt
Mountain	1.23	1.25	1.22	1.21	1.136	1.05
	(1.17–1.29)	(1.19–1.32)	(1.16–1.28)	(1.14–1.27)	(1.02–1.25)	(0.91–1.19)
Hill	1.16	1.17	1.13	1.14	1.10	1.08
	(1.12–1.19)	(1.14–1.20)	(1.09–1.16)	(1.12–1.17)	(1.05–1.15)	(1.04–1.13)
Terai	1.19	1.18	1.19	1.19	1.18	1.15
	(1.16–1.22)	(1.15–1.20)	(1.16–1.22)	(1.16–1.22)	(1.13–1.23)	(1.11–1.20)
Rural-urban residence
Urban	1.09	1.11	1.08	1.11	1.11	1.11
	(1.06–1.13)	(1.08–1.14)	(1.05–1.11)	(1.08–1.14)	(1.06–1.15)	(1.07–1.15)
Rural	1.19	1.19	1.19	1.18	1.16	1.13
	(1.17–1.22)	(1.17–1.21)	(1.16–1.21)	(1.16–1.21)	(1.12–1.20)	(1.09–1.17)
Age group
15–19	1.15	1.15	1.20	1.23	1.09	1.10
	(1.12–1.19)	(1.11–1.19)	(1.16–1.24)	(1.18–1.28)	(1.02–1.18)	(1.01–1.19)
20–29	1.174	1.18	1.152	1.16	1.14	1.12
	(1.15–1.19)	(1.16–1.20)	(1.13–1.17)	(1.14–1.18)	(1.10–1.17)	(1.09–1.16)
30–39	1.19	1.18	1.19	1.19	1.21	1.16
	(1.16–1.22)	(1.15–1.21)	(1.15–1.22)	(1.16–1.23)	(1.13–1.29)	(1.09–1.24)
≥40	1.16	1.19	1.08	1.15	1.08	1.17
	(1.08–1.24)	(1.10–1.30)	(1.01–1.15)	(1.07–1.24)	(0.98–1.18)	(1.00–1.37)
Wealth quintile
Poorest	1.23	1.22	1.17	1.15	1.16	1.13
	(1.19–1.27)	(1.18–1.26)	(1.13–1.22)	(1.11–1.19)	(1.04–1.27)	(1.02–1.25)
Poorer	1.23	1.210	1.214	1.181	1.05	1.03
	(1.19–1.28)	(1.170–1.251)	(1.174–1.254)	(1.141–1.222)	(0.942–1.171)	(0.91–1.16)
Middle	1.21	1.18	1.23	1.21	1.22	1.19
	(1.17–1.24)	(1.15–1.22)	(1.19–1.26)	(1.17–1.25)	(1.13–1.31)	(1.11–1.28)
Richer	1.22	1.18	1.25	1.19	1.18	1.15
	(1.18–1.25)	(1.15–1.21)	(1.21–1.28)	(1.16–1.22)	(1.11–1.25)	(1.08–1.23)
Richest	1.16	1.14	1.17	1.13	1.14	1.11
	(1.13–1.19)	(1.11–1.16)	(1.13–1.19)	(1.11–1.16)	(1.10–1.18)	(1.07–1.11)
Education level
No education	1.15	1.18	1.16	1.18	1.10	1.13
	(1.13–1.18)	(1.16–1.20)	(1.13–1.19)	(1.15–1.21)	(1.05–1.15)	(1.07–1.19)
Primary	1.14	1.19	1.12	1.17	1.11	1.16
	(1.11–1.17)	(1.16–1.23)	(1.08–1.14)	(1.14–1.21)	(1.05–1.18)	(1.09–1.23)
Secondary	1.11	1.17	1.09	1.16	1.08	1.12
	(1.08–1.13)	(1.14–1.19)	(1.06–1.11)	(1.13–1.18)	(1.03–1.12)	(1.08–1.16)
Higher	1.12	1.19	1.06	1.14	1.07	1.12
	(1.07–1.18)	(1.13–1.26)	(1.01–1.11)	(1.08–1.21)	(1.01–1.14)	(1.05–1.19)
Caste/ethnicity
Dalit	1.19	1.19	1.18	1.18	1.12	1.13
	(1.15–1.24)	(1.14–1.23)	(1.14–1.22)	(1.14–1.22)	(1.04–1.21)	(1.05–1.22)
Brahmin/Chettri	1.18	1.17	1.16	1.15	1.18	1.14
	(1.15–1.21)	(1.14–1.19)	(1.13–1.19)	(1.12–1.17)	(1.13–1.23)	(1.09–1.18)
Terai Madhesi Other Caste	1.17	1.15	1.20	1.19	1.15	1.12
	(1.12–1.22)	(1.11–1.19)	(1.14–1.26)	(1.13–1.25)	(1.06–1.25)	(1.04–1.21)
Newar	1.14	1.108	1.134	1.135	1.064	1.030
	(1.07-1.20)	(1.04-1.17)	(1.07-1.20)	(1.05-1.21)	(0.99-1.14)	(0.96-1.10)
Janajati	1.21	1.21	1.18	1.19	1.12	1.12
	(1.18-1.25)	(1.18-1.25)	(1.15-1.22)	(1.15-1.22)	(1.06-1.18)	(1.05-1.19)
Muslim	1.20	1.20	1.21	1.22	1.35	1.39
	(1.13-1.27)	(1.13-1.28)	(1.12-1.30)	(1.12-1.34)	(1.15-1.58)	(1.17-1.65)
Others	1.23	1.09	1.33	1.31	1.15	1.01
	(1.12-1.35)	(1.00-1.19)	(1.19-1.49)	(1.10-1.56)	(0.87-1.50)	(0.75-1.37)