Table 5.
Sociodemographic predictors of four antenatal care visits, institutional delivery, and C-section in Nepal.
| Four ANC | Institutional delivery | C-section | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 13,211) | (N = 14,969) | (N = 14,969) | |||||||
| % use | Univariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | % use | Univariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | % use | Univariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | |
| Survey year | |||||||||
| 1994–1996 | 9.0 | 1 | 1 | 7.6 | 1 | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1999–2001 | 14.5 | 1.72(1.28–2.33) | 1.81 (1.41–2.33) | 9.8 | 1.33 (0.98–1.81) | 1.33 (1.05–1.69) | 1.0 | 1.00 (0.56–1.78) | 0.99 (0.58–1.71) |
| 2004–2006 | 30.3 | 4.42 (3.28–5.95) | 4.20 (3.17–5.57) | 19.1 | 2.89 (2.13–3.92) | 2.51 (1.96–3.20) | 3.0 | 3.07 (1.86–5.04) | 2.67 (1.65–4.34) |
| 2009–2011 | 51.6 | 10.84 (8.07–14.55) | 11.53 (8.88–14.96) | 40.6 | 8.38 (6.32–11.11) | 9.80 (7.65–12.55) | 5.3 | 5.55 (3.57–8.61) | 4.83 (3.13–7.46) |
| Ecological zone | |||||||||
| Mountain | 17.5 | 1 | 1 | 8.84 | 1 | 1 | 0.7 | 1 | 1 |
| Hill | 24.8 | 1.56 (1.15–2.11) | 1.09 (0.84–1.41) | 17.4 | 2.17 (1.56–3.00) | 1.28 (0.96–1.72) | 2.3 | 3.24 (1.88–5.58) | 1.54 (0.90–2.66) |
| Terai | 25.2 | 1.58 (1.17–2.14) | 1.32 (0.97–1.78) | 19.4 | 2.49 (1.80–3.43) | 1.48 (1.11–1.98) | 2.7 | 3.79 (2.26–6.38) | 1.90 (1.07–3.38) |
| Rural-urban residence | |||||||||
| Urban | 53.3 | 4.10 (3.31–5.07) | 1.46 (1.19–1.79) | 54.5 | 7.04 (5.70–8.70) | 2.72 (2.23–3.31) | 9.4 | 5.89 (4.26–8.15) | 1.83 (1.29–2.59) |
| Rural | 21.8 | 1 | 1 | 14.5 | 1 | 1 | 1.7 | 1 | 1 |
| Age group | |||||||||
| 15–19 | 28.5 | 6.67 (4.08–10.92) | 2.99 (1.74–5.15) | 22.9 | 4.51 (2.73–7.44) | 1.83 (1.03–3.23) | 2.5 | 1.26 (0.53–2.98) | 0.46 (0.18–1.17) |
| 20–29 | 28.1 | 6.56 (4.11–10.49) | 2.77 (1.70–4.53) | 19.9 | 3.76 (2.33–6.09) | 1.31 (0.77–2.23) | 2.5 | 1.28 (0.57–2.90) | 0.35 (0.15–0.84) |
| 30–39 | 15.5 | 3.08 (1.93–4.93) | 1.88 (1.15–3.07) | 11.3 | 1.93 (1.17–3.18) | 1.01 (0.59–1.73) | 1.9 | 0.97 (0.40–2.34) | 0.40 (0.16–0.97) |
| ≥40 | 5.6 | 1 | 1 | 6.2 | 1 | 1 | 2.0 | 1 | 1 |
| Education level | |||||||||
| No education | 11.5 | 1 | 1 | 7.9 | 1 | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 32.1 | 3.64 (3.15–4.21) | 2.06 (1.77–2.40) | 20.4 | 3.02 (2.49–3.65) | 1.74 (1.42–2.13) | 2.5 | 2.58 (1.64–4.05) | 1.41 (0.83–2.38) |
| Secondary | 56.2 | 9.91 (8.35–11.77) | 3.22 (2.71–3.82) | 44.8 | 9.52 (7.89–11.48) | 3.06 (2.50–3.73) | 5.2 | 5.58 (3.87–8.05) | 1.42 (0.84–2.40) |
| Higher | 86.8 | 50.81 (34.49–74.87) | 10.38 (6.81–15.81) | 78.4 | 42.62 (29.80–60.95) | 7.81 (5.08–11.99) | 18.5 | 23.12 (14.48–36.92) | 3.02 (1.63–5.60) |
| Wealth quintile | |||||||||
| Poorest | 11.2 | 1 | 1 | 5.1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 |
| Poorer | 16.8 | 1.60 (1.31–1.95) | 1.50 (1.22–1.86) | 10.2 | 2.09 (1.63–2.67) | 1.82 (1.42–2.34) | 0.5 | 1.11 (0.50–2.45) | 1.02 (0.45–2.33) |
| Middle | 22.4 | 2.28 (1.83–2.84) | 2.03 (1.59–2.61) | 15.4 | 3.37 (2.56–4.43) | 2.66 (2.01–3.52) | 1.6 | 3.38 (1.76–6.50) | 2.87 (1.42–5.82) |
| Richer | 29.6 | 3.33 (2.63–4.21) | 2.64 (2.02–3.45) | 21.7 | 5.10 (3.95–6.59) | 3.57 (2.71–4.71) | 2.8 | 5.83 (3.17–10.70) | 4.22 (2.09–8.51) |
| Richest | 54.5 | 9.46 (7.46–11.99) | 5.08 (3.82–6.76) | 50.0 | 18.45 (14.26–23.87) | 9.00 (6.55–12.37) | 9.0 | 20.09 (11.13–36.27) | 9.37 (4.22–20.83) |
| Caste/ethnicity | |||||||||
| Dalit | 18.5 | 1 | 1 | 12.4 | 1 | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 |
| Brahmin/Chhetri | 33.6 | 2.23 (1.82–2.74) | 1.48 (1.19–1.83) | 23.6 | 2.19 (1.77–2.70) | 1.24 (0.99–1.55) | 3.8 | 3.78 (2.27–6.30) | 1.85 (1.07–3.20) |
| Terai madhesi Other Caste | 16.2 | 0.85 (0.64–1.14) | 0.65 (0.49–0.87) | 15.3 | 1.28 (0.92–1.78) | 1.01 (0.76–1.33) | 2.3 | 2.27 (1.23–4.17) | 1.54 (0.83–2.88) |
| Newar | 47.7 | 4.03 (2.79–5.82) | 2.57 (1.76–3.77) | 39.3 | 4.59 (3.18–6.62) | 2.17 (1.51–3.13) | 6.2 | 6.25 (3.44–11.38) | 2.28 (1.25–4.15) |
| Janajati | 21.9 | 1.24 (0.96–1.60) | 0.93 (0.69–1.24) | 14.2 | 1.18 (0.92–1.50) | 0.85 (0.67–1.08) | 1.6 | 1.56 (0.92–2.67) | 1.12 (0.65–1.94) |
| Muslim | 14.9 | 0.77 (0.50–1.18) | 0.66 (0.47–0.93) | 15.6 | 1.31 (0.73–2.32) | 1.16 (0.71–1.92) | 1.1 | 1.05 (0.32–3.45) | 0.72 (0.24–2.16) |
| Others | 13.9 | 0.71 (0.36–1.40) | 0.92 (0.52–1.62) | 13.7 | 1.13 (0.44–2.86) | 1.477 (0.65–3.35) | 1.0 | 0.94 (0.25–3.56) | 0.73 (0.18–2.92) |