Table 1.
Selected baseline characteristics of participants by randomization assignment in the WHI CaD Trial
| CaD (n = 18,176) | Placebo (n = 18,106) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at screening (y) (%) | |||
| <50–59 | 6726 (37.5) | 6696 (37.0) | >0.99 |
| 60–69 | 8276 (45.5) | 8243 (45.5) | |
| 70–79 | 3174 (17.5) | 3167 (17.5) | |
| Race-ethnicity (%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 15051 (83.0) | 15104 (83.6) | 0.41 |
| Black/African American | 1680 (9.3) | 1635 (9.0) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 785 (4.3) | 717 (4.0) | |
| American Indian | 77 (0.4) | 72 (0.4) | |
| Asian/Pacific islander | 370 (2.0) | 351 (1.9) | |
| Unknown | 213 (1.0) | 227 (1.1) | |
| Education (%) | |||
| High school or less | 4286 (23.6) | 4290 (23.7) | 0.98 |
| School after high school | 7217 (39.7) | 7156 (39.5) | |
| College degree or higher | 6557 (36.1) | 6545 (36.2) | |
| Unknown | 116 (0.6) | 115 (0.6) | |
| Smoking status (%) | |||
| Never | 9325 (51.9) | 9428 (52.6) | 0.31 |
| Former smoker | 7255 (40.3) | 7133 (39.8) | |
| Current smoker | 1405 (7.8) | 1356 (7.6) | |
| Pack years of smoking (%) | |||
| Never | 9325 (52.0) | 9428 (53.9) | 0.10 |
| <5 | 2498 (14.2) | 2436 (13.9) | |
| 5–20 | 2463 (14.0) | 2475 (14.2) | |
| ≥ 20 | 3323 (18.8) | 3138 (18.0) | |
| Frequency of walking outside >10 min (%) | |||
| Rarely/never | 2975 (18.6) | 3043 (19.0) | 0.47 |
| 1–3 times/month | 2771 (17.3) | 2676 (16.7) | |
| 1 time/week | 1846 (11.5) | 1860 (11.6) | |
| 2–3 times/week | 4250 (26.5) | 4144 (25.9) | |
| 4–6 time/week | 3069 (19.1) | 3120 (19.5) | |
| ≥ 7 times/week | 1130 (7.0) | 1160 (7.3) | |
| Physical activity (MET/week) (%) | |||
| 0–3.00 | 5517 (33.3) | 5478 (33.3) | 0.84 |
| >3.00–<11.75 | 5463 (33.0) | 5477 (33.3) | |
| ≥ 11.75 | 5566 (33.6) | 5493 (33.4) | |
| Alcohol intake (%) | |||
| Never | 1863 (10.3) | 1891 (10.5) | 0.89 |
| Past drinker | 3192 (17.7) | 3209 (17.8) | |
| <1 drink per month | 2528 (14.0) | 2520 (14.0) | |
| <1 drink per week | 3859 (21.4) | 3755 (20.9) | |
| 1–<7 drinks per week | 4678 (26.0) | 4702 (26.2) | |
| ≥7 drinks per week | 1908 (10.6) | 1900 (10.6) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 (%) | |||
| <25 | 4745 (26.3) | 4834 (26.8) | 0.23 |
| 25–30 | 6476 (35.8) | 6487 (36.0) | |
| ≥30 | 6870 (38.0) | 6692 (37.2) | |
| Hormone-therapy use (%) | |||
| Never used | 8787 (48.4) | 8627 (47.7) | 0.07 |
| Former user | 3239 (17.8) | 3150 (17.4) | |
| Current user | 6135 (33.8) | 6317 (34.9) | |
| Users of multivitamin supplement (%) | 6419 (35.3) | 6508 (35.9) | 0.21 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) § | 1738.6 ± 682.9 | 1744.6 ± 686.0 | 0.40 |
| Dietary calcium intake (mg/day) § | 823.8 ± 436.1 | 826.8 ± 439.9 | 0.52 |
| Total calcium intake (mg/day) 2§ | 1118.4 ± 670.1 | 1120.8 ± 656.9 | 0.73 |
| Dietary magnesium intake (mg/day) § | 254.5 ± 95.0 | 255.7 ± 95.7 | 0.23 |
| Total magnesium intake (mg/day) 2§ | 311.2 ± 159.4 | 314.0 ± 167.6 | 0.11 |
| Ca:Mg intake ratio § | 3.73 ± 1.97 | 3.70 ± 2.03 | 0.31 |
| Dietary vitamin D intake (IU/day) § | 175.1 ± 116.7 | 176.0 ± 117.2 | 0.47 |
| Total vitamin D intake (IU/day) 2§ | 345.3 ± 259.3 | 350.5 ± 259.1 | 0.06 |
*
Includes American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian, Pacific Islander, other races and unknown.
§
Excludes participants who had an estimated energy intake from a baseline food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) <600 or >5,000 kcal/day
1
Mean ± SD
2
Supplements + diet