Table 1.

Summary of commercially available mobile medical apps for DM management (N = 14)

Name	Platform	Function/Description	End User	Data Collection	Connectivity: Cloud Web EMR Communication	Availability/Regulatory	Clinical Evidence/Reference
Blue Star by WellDoc	App (Android and iOS) or Web based	Real-time feedback Touch point messages Video education Education library Longitudinal reporting The Easy Carb Education library The Easy Carb Estimator and Restaurant Helper to support healthy eating	T2DM	Manual data entry into app Automatic BG entry with Bluetooth adapter	Cloud: yes Web: yes EMR: no Can send reports to provider	FDA cleared in United States Needs MD Rx	A1C reduction9 Improvement in self-efficacy8
Dexcom Share	App (iOS) for Share (upload to cloud)	Share real-time CGM data with followers	T1DM; T2DM	Dexcom G4 Platinum CGM uploads data to cloud via Bluetooth-enabled receiver	Cloud: yes Web: yes EMR: no	FDA cleared in United States	None
Diabeo	App (Android and iOS)	Bolus calculator Adjusts for exercise Basal bolus pattern recognition Real-time feedback	T1DM; T2DM on insulin	Manual data entry into app	Cloud: no Web: yes for MD EMR: no Patient can communicate with provider for real-time assistance	Developed in France CE marked in EU	A1C reduction10–12
Diabetes Diary	App (Android and iOS)	Bolus calculator Tracks BG level, insulin, food, and activity Provides historical data to facilitate decision making	T1DM	Manual data entry Automatic BG entry with Bluetooth adapter	Cloud: no Web: no EMR: no	Developed in Norway CE marked in EU	A1C reduction13
Diabetes Interactive Diary (DID) (Il Diario Interattivo per il Diabete)	App (iOS)	Logbook for blood sugar, insulin dosing, and events Nutritional database for counting carbohydrates Food exchange data Insulin dose calculator Physical activity diary Annual screening reminder SMS to diabetes provider	T1DM	Manual data entry BG CHO selection Physical activity	Cloud: no Web: no EMR: no Other: SMS sent to diabetes provider	Developed in Italy CE marked in EU	No A1C reduction14,15 Improved QOL14 Reduction in hypoglycemia15
Glooko	App (Android and iOS)	Downloads diabetes data from 401 meters, insulin pumps and CGMs Integrates health and fitness apps Nutrition database for CHO counting Data sharing with providers Analytics data on clinic population for providers Hypoglycemia prediction algorithms Reminders	T1DM/T2DM	BG upload data via cellular network and MeterSync Blue cable Dexcom CGM data obtained via Apple HealthKit Obtains data from fitness tracking devices	Cloud: yes Web: yes EMR: yes Can email, print, or fax standardized reports to provider	FDA cleared in United States	None
Accu-Chek Aviva Expert	Glucose meter	Bolus calculator embedded in the meter Accounts for CHO and insulin on board Minimizes insulin stacking	T1DM; T2DM on insulin	Glucose data automatic Hand enter CHO and insulin dose	Cloud: no Web: yes Accu-Chek 360 diabetes management software for MD and patient EMR: no	FDA cleared in United States Needs MD Rx	ABACUS 1 RCT clinical trial with A1C reduction17 Survey results16
Accu-Chek Connect (Roche)	Glucose meter and app (Android and iOS or Web based)	Integrated meter, app, and online portal Meter automatically transmits data to app App incorporates bolus calculator Data shared with health care provider	T1DM; T2DM	Glucose data automatic Hand enter CHO and insulin dose Meal photographs can be attached to BG	Cloud: no Web: yes Uses Accu-Chek 360 View tool for 3-d profile EMR: no	FDA cleared in United States Needs MD Rx	Bolus calculator studied in ABACUS 1 trial17
Dario	Glucose meter app (Android and iOS)	Downloads BG when connected to a smartphone App contains insulin calculator Can chart CHO intake, insulin doses, notes Share results with family, provider	T1DM; T2DM	Glucose data automatic Nutrition, activity, insulin doses manual	Cloud: yes Web: yes	FDA cleared in United States CE marked in EU	None
Diabetes Insulin Guidance System	Glucose meter	Bolus calculator Adjusts insulin dosing plan based on historical data Uses time of day to suggest CHO bolus	T1DM; T2DM on insulin	Glucose data automatic Initial insulin dosing entered manually	Cloud: no Web: no EMR: no Other: connect device to computer to download data	CE marked in EU	A1C reduction, decreased hypoglycemia18
FreeStyle InsuLinx	Glucose meter	Bolus calculator embedded in the meter Easy mode for fixed CHO meals Advanced mode for CHO counting Real-time feedback Trending reports	T1DM; T2DM on insulin	Glucose data automatic Hand enter CHO	Cloud: no Web: yes FreeStyle Auto-Assist diabetes management software for MD and patient EMR: no	CE marked in EU Needs MD Rx	More accurate meal bolus19 Confidence in bolus calculation20
Gmate	Glucose meter App (Android and iOS)	Downloads BG when connected to a smartphone BG	T1DM; T2DM	Glucose automatic nutrition, activity manual	Cloud: yes Web: yes EMR: yes Data sharing with family, provider via texts, email	FDA cleared in United States	None
Livongo	Glucose meter (In Touch) App (Android and iOS)	Cellular-enabled glucose meter with touch screen Tags meals, exercise, medications Real-time scripted feedback about BG Displays logbook and patterns Share results with family, provider, and coach via touch screen	T1DM; T2DM	Glucose and activity data automatically uploaded via cellular network	Cloud: yes Web: yes EMR: yes Patient can communicate with CDE for real-time assistance	FDA cleared in United States	None
Telcare	Glucose meter App (Android and iOS) Web portal	Cellular-enabled glucose meter Uploads BG automatically to cloud and from there to Web or smartphone Real-time contextual feedback via text messages Share data with diabetes care provider Two-way text messaging between patient and health care professional	T1DM; T2DM; GDM	Glucose data automatic	Cloud: yes Web: yes EMR: yes	FDA cleared in United States	Potential for cost savings when used with disease management program21 A1c reduction when used with FDA-cleared glucose management software Glucommander24

Abbreviations: ABACUS, Automated Bolus Advisor Control and Usability Study; CDE, certified diabetes educators; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; CHO, carbohydrate; EMR, electronic medical record; GDM, gestational DM; iOS, iPhone operating system; MD, Doctor of Medicine; Rx, therapy; SMS, short message service.