Table 7.

Crop Yield, Growth Cycle, and Smoking Behavior of Second-Generation Migrants

	Smoking
	Either Parent		Both
	Habit	Ever	Habit	Ever
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Crop Yield (Ancestors, pre-1500)	−0.04** (0.02)	−0.10*** (0.02)	−0.04* (0.02)	−0.14*** (0.03)
Crop Yield Change (post-1500)	−0.00 (0.02)	0.05 (0.03)	−0.01 (0.02)	−0.02 (0.02)
Crop Growth Cycle (Ancestors, pre-1500)	0.00 (0.02)	0.05** (0.02)	0.00 (0.03)	0.13*** (0.04)
Crop Growth Cycle Change (post-1500)	−0.01 (0.02)	0.00 (0.03)	−0.00 (0.02)	0.05* (0.02)
Individual Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region & Year FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Geographical Controls & Neolithic	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Adjusted-R2	0.07	0.11	0.07	0.16
Observations	1532	915	794	480

Notes: The table establishes that second generation migrant’s smoking behavior is negatively affected by pre-1500CE crop yield in the parental country of origin. All columns account for country of birth fixed effects, individual characteristics (age, gender, education, religiosity, health status) and geographical controls from the parental country of origin (absolute latitude, mean elevation above sea level, terrain roughness, distance to coast or river, landlocked and island dummies). All independent variables have been normalized by subtracting their mean and dividing by their standard deviation. Thus, all coefficients can be compared and show the effect of a one standard deviation in the independent variable. Heteroskedasticity robust standard error estimates clustered at the country of origin of parents level are reported in parentheses;

^***denotes statistical significance at the 1% level,

^**at the 5% level, and

^*at the 10% level, all for two-sided hypothesis tests.