Table 1. Selected characteristics of Strong Heart Study main cohort participants at baseline (Visit 1) by quartiles of baseline urine arsenic (ΣAs, μg/g creatinine).
| Quartiles of Urine Arsenic (ΣAs, μg/g creatinine) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall N = 2700 |
Q1 N = 676 |
Q2 N = 675 |
Q3 N = 677 |
Q4 N = 672 |
||
| Mean (SD) | 11.6 (10.9) | 3.8 (0.9) | 6.7 (0.9) | 11.1 (1.7) | 24.9 (14.4) | |
| Median (IQR) | 8.4 (5.1, 14.3) | 3.8 (3.1, 4.5) | 6.6 (5.9, 7.4) | 10.9 (9.6, 12.5) | 20.4 (16.6, 27.1) | p- |
| Range | 1.6, 179.9 | 1.6, 5.1 | 5.2, 8.4 | 8.4, 14.3 | 14.3, 179.9 | value * |
| Age, years | 55 (49, 62) | 55 (49, 62) | 55 (49, 62) | 54 (49, 61) | 55 (49, 63) | 0.70 |
| Female, % | 1600 (59%) | 332 (49%) | 413 (61%) | 414 (61%) | 441 (66%) | <0.001 |
| Finished high school, % | 1602 (59%) | 469 (69%) | 438 (65%) | 379 (56%) | 316 (47%) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, % | 1020 (38%) | 233 (34%) | 248 (37%) | 274 (40%) | 265 (39%) | 0.10 |
| Current drinker, % | 1157 (43%) | 237 (35%) | 262 (39%) | 333 (49%) | 325 (48%) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30 (26, 34) | 30 (27, 34) | 30 (26, 34) | 30 (26, 34) | 29 (26, 33) | 0.03 |
| Hypertension, % | 960 (36%) | 251 (37%) | 248 (37%) | 230 (34%) | 231 (34%) | 0.51 |
| Diabetes, % | 1145 (42%) | 240 (36%) | 266 (39%) | 279 (41%) | 360 (54%) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.4 (4.9, 6.8) | 5.3 (4.9, 6.0) | 5.4 (4.9, 6.3) | 5.4 (4.9, 6.7) | 5.6 (5.0, 9.0) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 118 (97, 140) | 121 (100, 144) | 121 (100, 142) | 119 (97, 138) | 113 (92, 137) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 100 (91, 107) | 98 (88, 106) | 100 (91, 107) | 101 (91, 107) | 103 (94, 110) | <0.001 |
| Albuminuria (ACR ≥ 30 mg/g) | 629 (23%) | 102 (15%) | 131 (19%) | 143 (21%) | 253 (38%) | <0.001 |
| Post-menopause, % of women | 1212 (76%) | 251 (76%) | 310 (75%) | 311 (75%) | 340 (77%) | 0.89 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL (Visit 1) | 286 (244, 336) | 278 (242, 320) | 282 (242, 326) | 282 (242, 332) | 293 (250, 354) | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL (Visit 2) | 346 (304, 393) | 334 (291, 381) | 347 (304, 393) | 339 (299, 388) | 362 (320, 411) | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL (Visit 3) | 363 (311, 428) | 352 (298, 416) | 364 (310, 429) | 360 (313, 420) | 381 (327, 454) | <0.001 |
| PAI-1, ng/mL (Visit 2) | 44 (30, 67) | 49 (33, 72) | 48 (32, 70) | 40 (28, 60) | 39 (28, 64) | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/L (Visit 2) | 3.8 (2.0, 7.0) |
3.4 (1.8, 6.1) | 4.0 (2.0, 6.9) | 4.0 (2.1, 7.6) | 4.1 (2.0, 7.3) | 0.02 |
SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; ACR, Albumin to creatinine ratio in urine; LDL, Low density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular function; BMI, body mass index; PAI-1, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
Values are median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and number of participants (percentage) for categorical variables.
* P-values from a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test of difference in distribution (continuous variables) or Pearson’s chi-square test of independence (categorical variables).