Table 2. Associations between EAEC detection and markers of inflammation and gut permeability in surveillance and diarrheal stools among 2,076 children in the MAL-ED cohort with at least one biomarker measurement.

Site	MPO concentration* (95% CI) N = 24,622	ALA concentration* (95% CI) N = 24,622	NEO concentration* (95% CI) N = 24,769	AGP concentration* (95% CI) N = 4,760	LMZ* (95% CI) N = 7,285
BGD	0.12 (0.01, 0.23)	0.02 (-0.07, 0.11)	0.04 (-0.07, 0.16)	4.05 (-3.59, 11.69)	-0.02 (-0.16, 0.13)
BRF	0.22 (0.10, 0.34)	-0.03 (-0.11, 0.06)	0.08 (-0.01, 0.17)	-2.48 (-10.54, 5.59)	0.07 (-0.17, 0.30)
INV	0.21 (0.12, 0.29)	0.07 (-0.01, 0.14)	0.10 (0.03, 0.18)	-4.83 (-11.18, 1.53)	-0.13 (-0.29, 0.03)
NEB	0.08 (-0.01, 0.17)	-0.05 (-0.13, 0.03)	0.05 (-0.01, 0.11)	3.35 (-5.30, 12.00)	-0.14 (-0.29, 0.01)
PEL	0.21 (0.10, 0.32)	0.07 (-0.04, 0.17)	0.08 (-0.01, 0.16)	-2.37 (-13.52, 8.77)	-0.18 (-0.32, -0.04)
PKN	0.16 (0.05, 0.26)	0.14 (0.04, 0.25)	-0.19 (-0.30, -0.08)	0.32 (-7.24, 7.87)	-0.03 (-0.21, 0.16)
SAV	0.07 (-0.03, 0.16)	0.14 (0.04, 0.24)	0.10 (0.01, 0.19)	5.87 (-6.53, 18.27)	0.22 (-0.02, 0.47)
TZH	0.12 (0.02, 0.21)	0.1 (0.01, 0.18)	0.18 (0.06, 0.30)	1.70 (-9.24, 12.64)	-0.02 (-0.17, 0.13)
All	0.14 (0.11, 0.18)	0.06 (0.03, 0.09)	0.06 (0.02, 0.09)	0.52 (-2.63, 3.68)	-0.05 (-0.12, 0.02)

*Difference in concentration comparing stools with and without EAEC detection, adjusted for site, age, sex, WAMI, percent exclusive breastfeeding, presence of Campylobacter in stool sample, and stool consistency (MPO, ALA, NEO models only).

LMZ: Urinary lactulose:mannitol excretion ratio z-score measured at 3, 6, 9, and 15 months using the BRF cohort as the internal reference population

ALA: α-1-antitrypsin (ln(mg/g))

MPO: myeloperoxidase (ln(ng/mL))

NEO: neopterin (ln(nmol/L))

AGP: α-1-acid glycoprotein (mg/dL) measured at 7, 15, and 24 months.

BGD–Dhaka, Bangladesh

BRF–Fortaleza, Brazil

INV–Vellore, India

NEB–Bhaktapur, Nepal

PEL–Loreto, Peru

PKN–Naushahro Feroze

Pakistan

SAV–Venda, South Africa

TZH–Haydom, Tanzania