Table 1.
Baseline demographics—discovery and replication cohorts
| Discovery | Replication | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HFpEF (n=27) | HFrEF (n=34) | HFpEF (n=21) | HFrEF (n=48) | P‐value | |
| Age (years) | 71.0 [61.5, 75.0] | 63.0 [56.0, 69.0] | 70.0 [63.0, 79.0] | 66.0 [58.8, 72.5] | 0.012 |
| Sex (male) | 21 (77.8%) | 23 (67.6%) | 10 (47.6%) | 35 (72.9%) | 0.124 |
| BMI | 33.8 [29.9, 36.7] | 29.7 [26.6, 34.4] | 32.0 [27.6, 34.8] | 29.4 [26.3, 34.1] | 0.08 |
| Ethnicity | 0.72 | ||||
| Aboriginal | 3 (11.1%) | 2 (5.9%) | 1 (4.8%) | 1 (2.1%) | |
| Caucasian | 22 (81.5%) | 28 (82.4%) | 17 (81%) | 43 (89.6%) | |
| Other | 2 (7.4%) | 4 (11.8%) | 3 (14.3%) | 4 (8.3%) | |
| Aetiology | 0.001 | ||||
| Alcoholic | 1 (3.7%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (4.8%) | 3 (6.2%) | |
| Diabetic | 2 (7.4%) | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (4.8%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Idiopathic | 14 (51.9%) | 12 (35.3%) | 16 (76.2%) | 24 (50%) | |
| Ischaemic | 6 (22.2%) | 20 (58.8%) | 3 (14.3%) | 21 (43.8%) | |
| Other | 4 (14.8%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Smoker | 0.087 | ||||
| Current | 5 (18.5%) | 2 (5.9%) | 1 (4.8%) | 3 (6.2%) | |
| Former | 16 (59.3%) | 17 (50%) | 12 (57.1%) | 17 (35.4%) | |
| Never | 4 (14.8%) | 13 (38.2%) | 8 (38.1%) | 27 (56.2%) | |
| Unknown | 2 (7.4%) | 2 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.1%) | |
| Diabetes | 10 (37%) | 8 (23.5%) | 10 (47.6%) | 21 (43.8%) | 0.264 |
| Dyslipidemia | 14 (51.9%) | 15 (44.1%) | 7 (33.3%) | 21 (43.8%) | 0.637 |
| Hypertension | 20 (74.1%) | 19 (55.9%) | 15 (71.4%) | 23 (47.9%) | 0.064 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 12 (44.4%) | 9 (26.5%) | 11 (52.4%) | 25 (52.1%) | 0.106 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135 [124, 146] | 113 [100, 124] | 126 [120, 131] | 112.0 [104, 1312] | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75 [61, 83] | 70 [64, 77] | 70 [70, 77] | 71 [62, 79] | 0.633 |
| LVEF (%) | 62 [58, 66] | 28 [26, 33] | 60 [56, 62] | 30 [23, 36] | <0.001 |
| NT‐proBNP (ng/L) | 416 [130, 1327] | 1422 [637, 1992] | 295 [143, 1550] | 1174 [401, 2516] | 0.09 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 72 [42, 281] | 199 [94, 417] | 75 [48, 200] | 202 [81, 385] | 0.017 |
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 102 [78‐141] | 97.0 [84.0, 116.0] | 93.0 [69.0, 123.0] | 89.5 [78.0, 113.0] | 0.407 |
| NYHA class | 0.609 | ||||
| I | 4 (14.8%) | 5 (14.7%) | 3 (14.3%) | 8 (16.7%) | |
| II | 14 (51.9%) | 15 (44.1%) | 13 (61.9%) | 27 (56.2%) | |
| III | 9 (33.3%) | 11 (32.4%) | 5 (23.8%) | 13 (27.1%) | |
| IIII | 0 (0%) | 2 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Unknown | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Pharmacotherapy | |||||
| Ace‐inhibitor | 16 (59.3%) | 24 (70.6%) | 12 (57.1%) | 31 (64.6%) | 0.666 |
| ARB | 8 (29.6%) | 8 (23.5%) | 10 (47.6%) | 14 (29.2%) | 0.324 |
| Beta Blocker | 20 (74.1%) | 32 (94.1%) | 12 (57.1%) | 46 (95.8%) | <0.001 |
| MRA | 3 (11.1%) | 13 (38.2%) | 0 (0%) | 26 (54.2%) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic | 20 (74.1%) | 15 (44.1%) | 17 (81%) | 39 (81.2%) | 0.002 |
| Digoxin | 4 (14.8%) | 4 (11.8%) | 1 (4.8%) | 6 (12.5%) | 0.716 |
| ASA | 17 (63%) | 22 (64.7%) | 11 (52.4%) | 28 (58.3%) | 0.693 |
| Anticoagulant | 11 (40.7%) | 12 (35.3%) | 11 (52.4%) | 21 (43.8%) | 0.714 |
| Statin | 20 (74.1%) | 20 (58.8%) | 16 (76.2%) | 31 (64.6%) | 0.443 |
| Cardiac Device | 0.528 | ||||
| Brady | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.1%) | |
| ICD | 1 (3.7%) | 9 (26.5%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (14.6%) | |
| ICD‐CRT | 0 (0%) | 2 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| None | 26 (96.3%) | 23 (67.6%) | 21 (100%) | 40 (83.3%) | |
| Cell Proportions | |||||
| Granulocytes | 65.72 | 62.23 | 67.15 | 62.13 | 0.064 |
| Monocytes | 8.00 | 8.22 | 7.61 | 8.33 | 0.511 |
| B Lymphocytes | 5.61 | 6.25 | 5.85 | 6.22 | 0.301 |
| CD4+ T Lymphocytes | 11.93 | 14.15 | 11.85 | 13.77 | 0.007 |
| CD8+ T Lymphocytes | 4.71 | 5.56 | 4.69 | 5.64 | 0.212 |
| NK Lymphocytes | 7.14 | 7.27 | 6.32 | 7.53 | 0.764 |
ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal proBNP.
Numeric variables are reported as median and interquartile range.
P‐values are calculated based on 2‐way ANOVA with interaction for numeric variables, and a chi‐square test for categorical variables. Cell proportions were imputed from gene expression profiles, where available (discovery 33 HFrEF vs. 27 HFpEF; replication 35 HFrEF vs. 9 HFpEF).