Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Chronic HF (n = 173) | HF events (+) (n = 35) | HF events (−) (n = 138) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 64.4 ± 12.4 | 65.0 ± 16.2 | 64.3 ± 11.4 | 0.27 |
| Sex (M/F), n (%) | 114 (65.8)/59 (34.1) | 22 (62.9)/13 (37.1) | 92 (66.7)/46 (33.3) | 0.69 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 93 (53.7) | 15 (42.9) | 78 (56.5) | 0.18 |
| DM, n (%) | 52 (30.0) | 9 (25.7) | 44 (31.9) | 0.35 |
| HL, n (%) | 67 (38.7) | 11 (31.4) | 59 (42.8) | 0.25 |
| Beta‐blocker, n (%) | 26 (15.0) | 8 (22.9) | 18 (13.0) | 0.18 |
| ARB/ACE‐I, n (%) | 110 (63.5) | 24 (68.6) | 76 (55.1) | 0.18 |
| Statin, n (%) | 31 (17.9) | 3 (8.6) | 28 (20.3) | 0.14 |
| Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 83 (47.9) | 10 (28.6) | 73 (52.9) | 0.01 |
| Nitrate, n (%) | 110 (63.5) | 25 (71.4) | 85 (61.6) | 0.32 |
| Digitalis, n (%) | 18 (10.4) | 6 (13.6) | 12 (9.3) | 0.21 |
| ICM/non‐ICM, n (%) | 107 (61.8)/66 (38.1) | 18 (51.4)/17 (48.6) | 89 (64.5)/49 (35.5) | 0.17 |
| MMP‐9, ng/mLa | 21.1 [15.0–39.3] | 28.0 [17.4–50.5] | 20.0 [14.3–33.6] | <0.01 |
| TIMP‐1, ng/mLa | 122.7 [48.6–165.1] | 138.0 [49.6–182.9] | 116.5 [45.7–161.2] | 0.02 |
| MMP‐9/TIMP‐1 ratioa | 0.198 [0.118–0.385] | 0.343 [0.135–0.553] | 0.177 [0.115–0.334] | 0.14 |
| ANP, pg/mLa | 42.2 [20.4–105.0] | 73.5 [31.9–115.0] | 38.7 [18.8–92.0] | 0.08 |
| BNP, pg/mLa | 112.0 [41.9–353.5] | 225.0 [44.0–620.2] | 101.0 [41.9–250.5] | 0.08 |
| NA, ng/mLa | 0.29 [0.17–0.37] | 0.29 [0.20–0.92] | 0.30 [0.14–0.36] | 0.12 |
| IL‐6, pg/mLa | 8.7 [4.4–14.6] | 8.8 [5.3–19.4] | 7.5 [4.4–14.4] | 0.02 |
| TNF‐alpha, pg/mLa | 4.2 [1.7–17.9] | 11.6 [3.4–18.7] | 3.1 [1.3–7.9] | <0.01 |
| EF, %a | 48.6 [30.2–64.1] | 40.3 [17.2–55.9] | 50.9 [34.3–65.1] | <0.01 |
ACE‐I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; DM, diabetes mellitus; EF, ejection fraction; HF, heart failure; HL, hyperlipidemia; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; IL, interleukin; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NA, noradrenaline; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of MMP; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
a
median value (interquartile range).