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| Complications | Techniques | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| MS | VATS | RATS | |
| Incisions | Median Sternotomy | 3 incisions, no rib spreading | 3 incisions, no rib spreading |
| Position | Supine | Semi-supine | Semi-supine |
| Artificial pneumothorax | No | Yes | Yes |
| Instruments | Ordinary instruments | VATS instruments | Da Vinci robotic instruments |
| Drainage | 1 Mediastinal tube | 1 chest tube | 1 chest tube |
RATS, robot-assisted thoracic surgery; VATS, video-assisted thoracic surgery; MS, median sternotomy.
