Table 1.
Summary of the location and functions of toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems covered in this review.
| TA | Host | Location of TA | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MosAT | Vibrio cholerae | Chromosomal; integrative and conjugative element (ICE) | Stability of ICE | Wozniak and Waldor, 2009 |
| SgiTA | Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | Chromosomal; genomic island 1 | Stability of genomic island | Huguet et al., 2016 |
| RelBE1 ParDE1 | Vibrio vulnificus | Chromosomal; superintegron | Superintegron stability | Szekeres et al., 2007 |
| ParDE-1 ParDE-2 ParDE-3 RelBE-1 RelBE-2 RelBE-3 RelBE-4 HigBA-1 HigBA-2 Phd-Doc 0318-0319 0332-0333 0422-0423 0477-0478 0481-0482 0486-0487 0488-9489 | Vibrio cholerae | Chromosome II, superintegron | Stability of superintegron as well as chromosome II | Iqbal et al., 2015 |
| Epsilon-Zeta (𝜀-ζ) | Streptococcus pyogenes | Plasmid pSM19035 | Plasmid stability | Camacho et al., 2002 |
| PezAT | Streptococcus pneumoniae | Chromosomal, pathogenicity island 1 | Stability of pathogenicity island, virulence factor | Chan et al., 2014; Iannelli et al., 2014 |
| SezAT | Streptococcus suis | Chromosomal; pathogenicity island | Stability of pathogenicity island | Yao et al., 2015 |
| AvrRxo1-Arc1 | Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola | Unknown | Virulence factor (type III secreted effector) | Triplett et al., 2016 |
| CcdABF | Escherichia coli | Plasmid F | Plasmid stability, persistence | Ogura and Hiraga, 1983; Tripathi et al., 2012 |
| CcdABO157 | Escherichia coli O157:H7 | Chromosomal | Persistence | Gupta et al., 2017 |
| VapBC2ST CcdABST | Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | Plasmid pLST | Plasmid stability, virulence Plasmid stability | Lobato-Márquez et al., 2016b |