Table 1.

Some common forms of oral smokeless tobacco and their constituents

Common/native name	Ingredients	Countries/populations
Toombak	Sodium carbonate and tobacco	Sudan
Shammah	Tobacco, slaked lime, and ash	Saudi Arabia
Naswar	Tobacco, slaked lime, indigo, cardamom, oil, and menthol	Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asia
Nass	Tobacco, ash, cotton, and sesame oil	Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asia
Mawa	Areca nut, lime, and tobacco	India
Gadakhu	Tobacco and molasses	Central India
Zarda	Boiled tobacco	India and Arab countries
Paan/betel quid	Areca nut, betel leaf, slaked lime, spice, and catechu, with or without tobacco	Indian subcontinent, New Guinea, Southeast Asia, and South America
Mishri	Burned tobacco	India