Table 3.
Studies of the genotoxicity of paan and gutkha
| Study | Source | Endpoints |
|---|---|---|
| Paan/gutkha [67] | BC | MN |
| Tobacco [68] | EOMC | MN |
| Betel quid, areca, and tobacco [69] | BC and PBL | CA and MN |
| Tobacco [70] | EBC and PBL | MN and CA |
| Paan [71] | CC | CA, SCE, and MN |
| Paan/betel quid [72] | TRP | QBT |
| Lime [73] | EOMC | CT and MN |
| Slaked lime [74] | PMB | HE |
| Areca nut [75] | STS | Mutagenicity |
| Areca nut [76] | HBEC | CFFA, NRA, TRA |
| Paan [77] | Ovary cells | SCE and CA |
| Tobacco products [78] | ME, CTLE | Ames assay |
| Catechu [79] | Liver tissue | Ames assay |
| Arecoline [80] | BMC | SCE |
| Paan [81] | Mice | SCE |
| Paan [82] | PBL | SCE, CA, and MN |
| Paan, tobacco [83] | HOK | NHOKs |
| Paan [84] | BPL | MN, CA, and SCE |
| Tobacco [85] | VTF | DTT |
| Paan [86] | Mice | MA |
| Betel quid/paan [72] | TRP | QBT |
| Tobacco [87] | SNT | DTT |
| Gutkha/paan [88] | BMC | MN |
| Tobacco, areca nuts, and betel leaf [69] | PBL and BC | MN and CA |
| Tobacco [70] | PBL and EBC | CA and MN |
| Paan [89] | Rats | MEA |
SCE, sister chromatid exchange; CA, chromosomal aberrations; STS, Salmonella typhimurium strains; PMB, popular band of paan; TRP, tobacco and its related products; CC, cultured cells; EBC, exfoliated buccal mucosal cells; PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes; BC, buccal cells; MN, micronuclei; QBT, questionnaire about betel quid type; HBEC, human buccal epithelial cells; BMC, bone marrow cells; EOMC, exfoliated oral mucosal cells; ME, extract of masher; HOK, human oral keratinocytes; SNT, smoking and non-smoking forms of tobacco; CTLE, chewing tobacco and lime; MA, morphological abnormalities; NHOKs, normal human oral keratinocytes; CT, chemiluminescence technique; HE, histological examination; CFFA, colony-forming efficiency assay; VTF, various tobacco forms; NRA, neutral red uptake assay; TRA, trypan blue exclusion assay; MEA, marker of enzyme activities.