Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Sample.
| Characteristica | Hospital 1 (HUP) | Hospital 2 (PPMC) | Hospital 3 (PAH) | All Hospitals | Overall | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||
| Admissions, No. | 36 135 | 35 164 | 15 114 | 17 199 | 19 637 | 19 672 | 70 886 | 72 035 | 142 921 |
| Length of stay, mean (SD), d | 6.7 (8.8) | 6.7 (9.0) | 5.5 (6.1) | 5.9 (6.9) | 4.6 (5.8) | 4.4 (5.7) | 5.9 (7.6) | 5.9 (7.8) | 5.9 (7.7) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 54.0 (18.7) | 54.3 (18.4) | 60.8 (17.2) | 60.1 (17.8) | 50.8 (19.9) | 50.8 (19.8) | 54.6 (19.1) | 54.7 (18.9) | 54.7 (19.0) |
| Female, No. (%) | 19 888 (55.0) | 19476 (55.4) | 7570 (50.1) | 8191 (47.6) | 13 001 (66.2) | 13 165 (66.9) | 40 459 (57.1) | 40 832 (56.7) | 81 291 (56.9) |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | |||||||||
| White | 19 601 (54.2) | 18 832 (53.6) | 5893 (39.0) | 6737 (39.2) | 11 568 (58.9) | 11 534 (58.6) | 37 062 (52.3) | 37 103 (51.5) | 74 165 (51.9) |
| Black | 12 813 (35.5) | 12 101 (34.4) | 8341 (55.2) | 9165 (53.3) | 6688 (34.1) | 6418 (32.6) | 27 842 (39.3) | 27 684 (38.4) | 55 526 (38.9) |
| Other/unknown | 3721 (10.3) | 4231 (12.0) | 880 (5.8) | 1297 (7.5) | 1381 (7.0) | 1720 (8.7) | 5982 (8.4) | 7248 (10.1) | 13 230 (9.3) |
| Insurance, No. (%) | |||||||||
| Private | 19 647 (54.4) | 19 782 (56.3) | 3863 (25.6) | 4541 (26.4) | 7759 (39.5) | 7555 (38.4) | 31 269 (44.1) | 31 878 (44.3) | 63 147 (44.2) |
| Medicare | 12 914 (35.7) | 12 757 (36.3) | 7341 (48.6) | 7988 (46.4) | 5409 (27.5) | 5608 (28.5) | 25 664 (36.2) | 26 353 (36.6) | 52 017 (36.4) |
| Medicaid | 1498 (4.2) | 955 (2.7) | 3551 (23.5) | 4016 (23.4) | 4702 (23.9) | 4880 (24.8) | 9751 (13.8) | 9851 (13.7) | 19 602 (13.7) |
| Other/unknown | 2076 (5.8) | 1670 (4.8) | 359 (2.4) | 654 (3.8) | 1767 (9.0) | 1629 (8.3) | 4202 (5.9) | 3953 (5.5) | 8155 (5.7) |
| Disposition, No. (%) | |||||||||
| Home | 29 273 (81.0) | 28 838 (82.0) | 11 250 (74.4) | 12 685 (73.8) | 16 744 (85.3) | 17 009 (86.5) | 57 267 (80.8) | 58 532 (81.3) | 115 799 (81.0) |
| Other facility | 4396 (12.2) | 4064 (11.6) | 2458 (16.3) | 2778 (16.2) | 1685 (8.7) | 1568 (8.0) | 8539 (12.1) | 8410 (11.7) | 16 949 (11.9) |
| Hospice | 322 (0.9) | 317 (0.9) | 111 (0.7) | 129 (0.8) | 130 (0.7) | 135 (0.7) | 563 (0.8) | 581 (0.8) | 1144 (0.8) |
| Left against medical advice | 244 (0.7) | 223 (0.6) | 270 (1.8) | 267 (1.6) | 165 (0.8) | 145 (0.7) | 679 (1.0) | 635 (0.9) | 1314 (0.9) |
| Expired | 1376 (3.8) | 1269 (3.6) | 279 (1.9) | 351 (2.0) | 159 (0.8) | 154 (0.8) | 1814 (2.6) | 1774 (2.5) | 3588 (2.5) |
| Other/unknown | 524 (1.5) | 453 (1.3) | 746 (4.9) | 989 (5.8) | 754 (3.8) | 661 (3.4) | 2024 (2.9) | 2103 (2.9) | 4127 (2.9) |
| Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR) | 2 (0-3) | 2 (0-3) | 2 (0-3) | 1 (0-3) | 0 (0-2) | 0 (0-2) | 1 (0-3) | 1 (0-3) | 1 (0-3) |
Abbreviations: HUP, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; IQR, interquartile range; overall, the preintervention and intervention periods; PAH, Pennsylvania Hospital; post, intervention period defined as April 8, 2015 to April 7, 2016; PPMC, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center; pre, preintervention period, defined as April 8, 2014 to April 7, 2015.
a
Data presented are at the level of the patient admission.