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. 2016 Jul 7;7(7):e178. doi: 10.1038/ctg.2016.35

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Copyright © 2016 American College of Gastroenterology

Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology is an open-access journal published by Nature Publishing Group. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Leukocyte infiltration and cytokine expression in rectal biopsies of non-celiac wheat-sensitive (NCWS) patients on wheat challenge. (a) Mean percentages of leukocytes (live CD45⁺ cells) infiltrating the rectal tissue of NCWS patients on wheat challenge and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) controls. (b) Percentage of CD45⁺ cells and (c) percentage of CD3⁻ cells expressing different cytokines in the rectal mucosa of NCWS patients on wheat challenge and IBS controls. Data are expressed as mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05. (d) Representative dot plots showing the expression of several cytokines by CD3⁺ and CD3⁻ subsets of CD45⁺ cells infiltrating the rectal mucosa of IBS controls (upper panel) and NCWS patients on wheat challenge (upper panel). IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; 7AAD, 7-aminoactinomycin D.