Table 1.
General characteristics of study participants by gender
| All participants (n = 364) | Males (n = 174) | Females (n = 190) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 24.9 ± 2.9 | 25 ± 2.7 | 24.7 ± 3.1 | 0.569 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Current | 26 (7.1) | 23 (13.2) | 3 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Former | 39 (10.7) | 32 (18.4) | 7 (3.7) | 0.03 |
| Never | 299 (82.1) | 119 (68.4) | 180 (94.7) | 0.74 |
| Alcohol status, n (%) | ||||
| Current | 77 (21.1) | 59 (33.9) | 18 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| Former | 87 (23.9) | 67 (38.5) | 20 (10.5) | 0.03 |
| Never | 200 (54.9) | 48 (27.6) | 152 (80) | <0.001 |
| Parental history of CVDs, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 60 (16.5) | 23 (13.2) | 37 (19.5) | 0.032 |
| Hypertension | 74 (20.3) | 26 (15) | 48 (25.3) | 0.017 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 90 (24.7) | 16 (9.2) | 74 (38.9) | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 69.2 ± 9.9 | 68.1 ± 8.9 | 70.1 ± 10.7 | 0.054 |
| Height, cm | 167 ± 7 | 168 ± 7 | 166 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.9 ± 3.8 | 24.1 ± 3.3 | 25.6 ± 4 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 88 ± 16 | 89 ± 16 | 86 ± 17 | 0.135 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 98 ± 16 | 96 ± 16 | 99 ± 15 | 0.025 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.91 ± 0.19 | 0.94 ± 0.2 | 0.88 ± 0.18 | 0.002 |
| Body fat, % | 26.7 ± 8.7 | 25.2 ± 7.6 | 28.1 ± 9.3 | 0.001 |
| Visceral fat, % | 5.6 ± 3.7 | 5.3 ± 3.5 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 0.115 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 116 ± 12 | 113 ± 11 | 119 ± 13 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 75 ± 9 | 74 ± 8 | 76 ± 10 | 0.002 |
| Pulse BP, mmHg | 41 ± 8 | 40 ± 8 | 42 ± 8 | <0.001 |
| Mean BP, mmHg | 89 ± 9 | 87 ± 8 | 91 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| FPG, mmol/l | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 0.082 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1 | 0.389 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.877 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 0.944 |
| vLDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 0.35 ± 0.15 | 0.34 ± 0.13 | 0.35 ± 0.17 | 0.505 |
| Urea, mmol/l | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 0.197 |
| Creatinine, mmol/l | 91 ± 16 | 94.8 ± 17.9 | 88.5 ± 14.5 | 0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome, % | 45 (12.4) | 10 (5.7) | 35 (18.4) | 0.019 |
CVDs cardiovascular diseases, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, vLDL very low density lipoprotein