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. 2017 Apr 7;7(5):400–409. doi: 10.1177/2192568217699377

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© The Author(s) 2017

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work as published without adaptation or alteration, without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 4. — The experimental setup is shown with a human cadaveric thoracic spinal specimen positioned in the spinal motion simulator. The proximal and distal vertebrae were potted in a casting-mold and partially buried in a low melting point (48°C) bismuth alloy (Cerrolow-147; 48.0% bismuth, 25.6% lead, 12.0% tin, 9.6% cadmium, and 4.0% indium). The proximal and distal vertebrae were fixed securely into the alloy by adding screws into the vertebral body. All articulating parts were kept free. During the experiment, the spinal specimens were kept moist with 0.9% saline spray. A materials testing machine applied loads to the setup to induce flexion-extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. The markers with the LEDs were rigidly fixed to the vertebrae. An Optotrak camera registered the movement of the infrared-emitting LEDs.