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. 2017 Apr 7;7(5):400–409. doi: 10.1177/2192568217699377

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© The Author(s) 2017

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work as published without adaptation or alteration, without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 5. — Range of motion (ROM) of the cranial adjacent, bridged, and caudal adjacent motion segments of the human spines under 4 N m loading and porcine spines under 2 N m loading in flexion-extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR) of the untreated spine, after posterior concave periapical nonfusion distraction device, and bilateral rigid pedicle screw-rod (rigid PS) instrumentation (mean ± SD). Data of the 3 bridged motion segments is averaged. Asterisks (*) indicate statistical significance (P < .05).