Table 5.

Independent Risk Factors for Morbidity Identified by Multivariate Logistic Regression.^a

Effect	Estimate	95% Confidence Limits	P
Total RVU	1.0	1.0−1.0	.001
Female	1.3	1.1−1.5	.0001
Fusion length: long vs short  (≤3 levels)	1.3	1.1−1.5	.002
Fusion approach
Combined vs anterior	3.3	2.3−4.7	<.0001
Posterior vs anterior	3.6	3.0−4.3	<.0001
Other surgery
Pelvic fusion	1.9	1.5−2.5	<.0001
Osteotomy	2.1	1.7−2.6	<.0001
Inpatient vs outpatient	3.5	1.8−7.0	.0003
Age (Reference: ≤50 years)
51−60	1.2	1.0−1.5	.092
61−70	1.5	1.2−1.8	<.0001
71−80	1.9	1.5−2.4	<.0001
>80	2.6	1.8−3.9	<.0001
Diabetes (Reference: None)
Insulin-dependent	1.3	1.0−1.8	.074
Insulin-independent	1.3	1.0−1.6	.040
Dependent functional status	1.9	1.4−2.5	<.0001
Bleeding disorder	2.2	1.2−3.8	.008
ASA ≥3	1.2	1.1−1.4	.003
Operative time >4 hours	3.5	3.0−4.0	<.0001

Abbreviations: RVU, relative value unit; ASD, adult spinal deformity.

^aBoldface indicates P < .05.