Table 3.
Recent Literature on Ankylosing Spinal Disorders (ASDs) in Relation to Delayed Diagnosis, Second Neurological Presentation With Associated Postoperative Recovery, and Overall Mortality Rate.
| First Author, Reference | Type of Article | Delayed Diagnosis (Patients) | ASD | Second Neurological Presentation | Postoperative Recovery After Delayed Diagnosis | Overall Mortality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Einsiedel20 | Retrospective analysis; 2-center | 13 (35%) | AS | Severe deficits | Improvement less pronounced | ≈ 8% |
| Caron3 | Retrospective analysis | 21 (19%) | AS + DISH | Neurological deterioration in 17 patients (81%) | — | ≈23% (≈40% for delayed diagnosis) |
| Backhaus32 | Retrospective analysis | 18 (15%) (+13% diagnosed stable fracture with second dislocation) | AS | Secondary dislocation with neurological decline | — | ≈23% |
| Yeoh53 | Retrospective analysis | 2 (20%) | AS + DISH | Neurological deficits | No improvement | — |
| Westerveld2 | Literature review | 36 (9%) | AS + DISH | — | — | 18% (AS) and 20% (DISH) |
| Sapkas5 | Prospective analysis | ≈12 (60%) | AS | — | — | 0% |
| Anwar95 | Retrospective analysis | 15 (47%) | AS | Development of spinal cord injury (ASIA grade A + D) few days after injury | — | — |
Abbreviations: AS, ankylosing spondylitis; DISH, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis; ASIA, American Spinal Injury Association.