Table 1.
Participant demographics and test means (Ms) and standard deviations (SDs) by diagnostic group (students with specific learning disabilities [LD] and students with normal language development [ND]) with effect sizes (Cohen's d) for significant between-groups differences.
| Demographic/Test | LD | ND | Cohen's d |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| M | 20.7 | 21.4 | |
| SD | 1.5 | 2.0 | |
| min | 18 | 18 | |
| max | 24 | 25 | |
| Years of education | |||
| M | 13.7 | 14.8 | |
| SD | 1.4 | 1.9 | |
| min | 12 | 13 | |
| max | 17 | 21 | |
| Percent reporting ADHD | 25 | .03 | |
| Percent reporting language impairment | 17.0 | NA | |
| Percent reporting reading impairment | 43.4 | NA | |
| Percent reporting reading and language impairments | 30.2 | NA | |
| Percent unsure of official diagnosis | 9.4 | NA | |
| PPVT-4 | |||
| M | 102 | 113 | −.93* |
| SD | 12 | 11 | |
| min | 80 | 86 | |
| max | 126 | 137 | |
| EVT | |||
| M | 104 | 116 | −.95* |
| SD | 14 | 11 | |
| min | 75 | 89 | |
| max | 141 | 136 | |
| NWR | |||
| M | 91 | 94 | −.70* |
| SD | 4.4 | 3.4 | |
| min | 79 | 86 | |
| max | 99 | 100 | |
| CVLT-II | |||
| M | 45 | 55 | −.96* |
| SD | 9.5 | 9.6 | |
| min | 27 | 35 | |
| max | 69 | 79 | |
| KBIT | |||
| M | 104 | 110 | −.48* |
| SD | 13 | 11 | |
| min | 80 | 86 | |
| max | 130 | 132 |
Note. Scores on the Peabody Pictures Vocabulary Test–Fourth Edition (PPVT-4); Expressive Vocabulary Test (EVT); and Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, nonverbal subtest (KBIT), are standard scores with a normative mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Scores on Nonword Repetition (NWR) are a percentage of phonemes correct out of 96. Scores on the California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition (CVLT-II) are T scores with a normative mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. min = minimum score; max = maximum score.
p < .02.