Table 5.

Factors and direction of association with more favorable communicative participation.

Factors	ALS	MS a	PD b	HNCa c , d
Less severe speech	•	•	•	•
Less severe swallowing	•
Higher speech usage	•	•	•
Longer duration				•
Less fatigue			•
Fewer cognition problems		•	•	•
Less education		•
Less physical activity		•
Fewer emotional problems			•
R 2	.55	.507	.43	.462

Note. Bullets indicate a positive association with communicative participation. ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; MS = multiple sclerosis; PD = Parkinson's disease; HNCa = head and neck cancer.

^a Yorkston et al., 2014.

^b McAuliffe et al., in press.

^c Bolt et al., 2016.

^d Not having undergone total laryngectomy was also included in the model.