Table 1.

Number of vowels and stop consonants produced with velopharyngeal (VP) closure (first cell entry) by typically developing (TD) children and children with cleft palate (CP) at 12, 14, and 18 months of age.

Group	Participant	Isolated vowels			Vowels in CV and VCV syllables			Stops in CV and VCV syllables
		Age (months)			Age (months)			Age (months)
		12	14	18	12	14	18	12	14	18
TD	1	0/0	1/1	1/1	0/0	28/30	17/19	0/0	26/29	18/19
	2	3/3	39/39	0/0	2/2	7/7	0/0	2/2	4/4	0/0
	3	1/1	0/1	0/0	3/3	9/9	28/28	2/2	8/8	20/20
	4	1/1	4/4	0/0	53/53	10/10	0/0	47/47	9/9	0/0
	5	0/0	1/1	7/7	7/8	8/8	16/17	5/5	8/8	16/16
	6	0/0	0/0	2/2	20/20	14/14	121/121	19/19	11/11	120/120
	7	6/6	4/4	8/8	38/39	37/37	14/14	35/37	32/32	14/14
	8	3/4	7/7	19/21	7/7	14/16	106/115	6/6	13/15	80/82
	9	0/0	19/21	14/18	0/0	49/49	11/11	0/0	46/46	11/11
	All (%)	14/15 (93)	75/78 (96)	51/57 (89)	130/132 (98)	176/180 (98)	313/325 (96)	116/118 (98)	157/162 (97)	279/282 (99)
CP	10	33/39	10/10	7/14	0/0	17/17	14/14	0/0	12/12	12/14
	11	0/0	10/10	23/24	0/0	17/17	65/65	0/0	15/15	65/65
	12	2/4	0/1	4/5	15/21	3/3	68/76	14/18	3/3	62/67
	13	3/5	1/3	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0
	14	0/0	1/1	8/8	1/3	6/6	13/13	0/2	6/6	10/10
	15	3/3	0/0	0/0	8/8	22/22	0/0	8/8	20/21	0/0
	16	13/21	11/12	0/0	14/20	2/2	10/10	12/18	2/2	10/10
	17	10/10	1/1	6/6	27/28	4/4	97/97	21/22	4/4	97/97
	18	0/0	6/6	3/3	0/0	7/7	1/1	0/0	6/6	1/1
	All (%)	64/82 (78)	40/44 (91)	51/60 (85)	65/80 (81)	78/78 (100)	268/276 (97)	55/68 (81)	68/69 (99)	257/264 (97)

Note. The second cell entry indicates total productions. Cells with zero indicate that participant did not tolerate the nasal cannula or did not produce any vowels or stops. Bold numbers indicate VP closure less than 100%. CV = consonant–vowel; VCV = vowel–consonant–vowel.