Table 3.

Odds of Cesarean Delivery for Medicaid-Funded and Doula-Supported Singleton Births, Compared with Medicaid-Funded U.S. Regional Births, Controlling for Demographic and Clinical Factors, Stratified by Preterm or Full-Term Status

	Odds of Cesarean Delivery among Preterm Births	Odds of Cesarean Delivery among Full-Term Births
	AOR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Doula support	1.63 (0.99–2.64)	0.44 (0.39–0.49)
Race/ethnicity
Asian	0.75 (0.42–1.34)	0.74 (0.65–0.83)
Black	0.91 (0.78–1.05)	1.12 (1.07–1.16)
Hispanic	0.96 (0.77–1.21)	0.76 (0.72–0.80)
Caucasian	Reference	Reference
Age category
≤20	0.58 (0.47–0.73)	1.46 (1.38–1.53)
21–25	1.01 (0.86–1.19)	0.90 (0.86–0.94)
26–30	Reference	Reference
31–35	1.35 (1.10–1.65)	1.29 (1.22–1.37)
36+	2.08 (1.53–2.81)	4.67 (4.35–5.01)
Clinical characteristics
Hypertension	2.63 (2.18–3.18)	1.33 (1.25–1.42)
Diabetes	1.83 (1.48–2.28)	1.76 (1.65–1.88)

Source: Authors own calculations using data from the 2012 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (Regional Medicaid-Funded Deliveries) merged with 2010–2014 data from a community-based non-profit doula organization that serves Medicaid beneficiaries.

Notes: Cells show adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from multivariable logistic regression models to estimate the association between doula support and cesarean delivery, stratified by preterm birth status and controlling for maternal age, race-ethnicity, and clinical complications.