Table 2.
Baseline Cognitive Performance
| M ± SD | p | |
|---|---|---|
| Wechsler | ||
| Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (SS; n=93) | 100.75 ± 16.02 | 0.65 |
| Verbal Comprehension Index (SS; n=80) | 99.83 ± 16.73 | 0.93 |
| Perceptual Reasoning Index (SS; n=78) | 104.90 ± 17.92 | 0.02* |
| Working Memory Index (SS; n=81) | 95.99 ± 15.25 | 0.02* |
| Digit Span (ScS; n=81) | 9.30 ± 2.93 | 0.03* |
| Digit Span Forward (ScS; n=76) | 9.62 ± 3.09 | 0.28 |
| Digit Span Backward (ScS; n=76) | 9.24 ± 3.00 | 0.03* |
| Processing Speed Index (SS; n=83) | 98.08 ± 17.70 | 0.33 |
| CPT-II | ||
| Omissions (T; n=67) | 52.42 ± 14.39 | 0.17 |
| Commissions (T; n=67) | 46.76 ± 10.10 | 0.01* |
| Hit Response Time (T; n=67) | 51.09 ± 11.46 | 0.44 |
| Detectability (T; n=67) | 48.29 ± 9.04 | 0.13 |
| Response Style (T; n=67) | 51.45 ± 10.92 | 0.28 |
| D-KEFS | ||
| CWI Inhibition Completion (ScS; n=52) | 10.60 ± 3.30 | 0.20 |
| CWI Inhibition Total Errors (ScS; n=50) | 9.72 ± 2.63 | 0.46 |
| CWI Inhibition/Switching Completion (ScS; n=50) | 10.08 ± 3.34 | 0.87 |
| CWI Inhibition/Switching Total Errors (ScS; n=49) | 9.35 ± 3.01 | 0.14 |
| WJ-III Cog Retrieval Fluency (SS; n=87) | 94.97 ± 15.82 | 0.00** |
| BRIEF | ||
| Global Executive Composite (T; n=97) | 50.38 ± 11.47 | 0.74 |
| Behavioral Regulation Index (T; n=79) | 50.24 ± 10.88 | 0.85 |
| Metacognition Index (T; n=78) | 49.44 ± 10.77 | 0.65 |
| Working Memory Index (T; n=98) | 52.55 ± 11.69 | 0.03* |
| CVLT | ||
| Total Trials (T; n=73) | 44.32 ± 11.63 | 0.00** |
| Short Delay Free Recall (Z; n=73) | −0.43 ± 1.19 | 0.00** |
| Short Delay Cued Recall (Z; n=72) | −0.38 ± 1.19 | 0.01* |
| Long Delay Free Recall (Z; n=73) | −0.48 ± 1.23 | 0.00** |
| Long Delay Cued Recall (Z; n=72) | −0.46 ± 1.22 | 0.00** |
| Immediate visual memory (ScS; n=66)a | 8.99 ± 3.40 | 0.02* |
| Delayed visual memory (ScS; n=64)b | 9.34 ± 3.42 | 0.13 |
| Beery VMI (SS; n=92) | 98.37± 12.23 | 0.20 |
| Visual Perception (SS; n=89) | 98.32 ± 15.94 | 0.32 |
| Grooved Pegboard | ||
| Dominant Hand (Z; n=78) | −0.67 ± 2.08 | 0.01* |
| Nondominant Hand (Z; n=74) | −0.44 ± 1.72 | 0.03* |
| ABAS-II | ||
| Global Adaptive Composite (SS; n=95) | 97.53 ± 16.08 | 0.14 |
| Conceptual (SS; n=98) | 99.13 ± 15.15 | 0.57 |
| Social (SS; n=99) | 101.22 ± 15.35 | 0.43 |
| Practical (SS; n=96) | 95.16 ± 17.54 | 0.01* |
| BASC-2 | ||
| Externalizing Problems (T; n=98) | 44.91 ± 9.49 | 0.00** |
| Internalizing Problems (T; n=97) | 54.36 ± 12.83 | 0.00** |
| Behavioral Symptoms Index (T; n=98) | 48.27 ± 10.48 | 0.10 |
| Attention Problems (T; n=98) | 45.77 ± 10.78 | 0.01* |
| WJ-III Ach | ||
| Letter-word Identification (SS; n=76) | 101.42 ± 14.19 | 0.39 |
| Reading Fluency (SS; n=70) | 96.54 ± 14.06 | 0.04* |
| Calculation (SS; n=74) | 97.51 ± 18.36 | 0.25 |
| Math Fluency (SS; n=72) | 91.89 ± 16.78 | 0.00** |
CPT-II=Conners’ Continuous Performance Test-II; D-KEFS=Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; CWI=Color-word Interference; WJ-III Cog=Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, 3rd Edition; BRIEF=Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; CVLT=California Verbal Learning Test; Beery VMI=Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration, 6th Edition; ABAS-II=Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, 2nd Edition; BASC-2=Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd Edition; WJ-III Ach=Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement, 3rd Edition
SS=standard score (M=100; SD=15); ScS=scaled score (M=10; SD=3); T=t-score (M=50; SD=10); Z=z-score (M=1.00; SD=0.05)
Represents combined scores from Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, 2nd Edition (NEPSY-II) Memory for Designs Total and Wechsler Memory Scale, 4th Edition (WMS-IV) Designs I
Represents combined scores from the NEPSY-II Memory for Designs Delayed Total and WMS-IV Designs II one-sample t-test
p<0.05
p<0.01