Table 1.
Study cohort and results of bivariate comparisons between participants with and without delirium. Mean (standard deviation; SD) or percentage, as appropriate
| Characteristic | All (n = 594) n (%) or mean (SD) |
Delirium (n=137) n (%) or mean (SD) |
No Delirium (n=457) n (%) or mean (SD) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 65.6 (12.2) | 70.5 (9.7) | 64.2 (12.5) | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 181 (30.5%) | 62 (45.3%) | 119 (26.0%) | |
| Male | 413 (69.5%) | 75 (54.7%) | 338 (74.0%) | |
| Race | 0.17 | |||
| Asian | 4 (0.7%) | 1 (0.7%) | 3 (0.7%) | |
| Black | 24 (4.0%) | 9 (6.6%) | 15 (3.3%) | |
| Hispanic | 16 (2.7%) | 6 (4.4%) | 10 (2.2%) | |
| White | 550 (92.6%) | 121 (88.3%) | 429 (93.9%) | |
| Years of education | 13.2 (2.8) | 12.8 (2.9) | 13.3 (2.8) | 0.043 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.0 (6.1) | 28.4 (5.7) | 29.1 (6.2) | 0.36 |
| Weight, kg | 86.4 (19.8) | 81.1(17.3) | 87.9 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 83 (14.0%) | 21 (15.3%) | 62 (13.57%) | 0.60 |
| Ejection fraction | 52.6 (10.9) | 51.8 (1.5) | 52.9 (10.9) | 0.42 |
| Congestive heart failure | 235 (39.6%) | 66 (48.2%) | 169 (37.0%) | 0.02 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 138 (23.2%) | 45 (32.9%) | 93 (20.4%) | 0.003 |
| Prior cardiac surgery | 103 (17.3%) | 34 (24.8%) | 69 (15.1%) | 0.008 |
| Coronary artery disease | 403 (67.9%) | 95 (69.3%) | 308 (67.4%) | 0.67 |
| Seizure disorder | 7 (1.2%) | 1 (0.7%) | 6 (1%) | 0.58 |
| Hypothyroidism | 92 (15.5%) | 28 (20.4%) | 64 (14%) | 0.07 |
| Diabetes | 192 (32.3%) | 44 (32.12%) | 148 (32.4%) | 0.95 |
| COPD | 63 (10.6%) | 25 (18.3%) | 38 (8.3%) | <0.001 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 86 (14.5%) | 18 (13.1%) | 68 (14.9%) | 0.61 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 167 (28.1%) | 41 (29.9%) | 126 (27.6%) | 0.59 |
| Cerebral vascular accident | 39 (6.6%) | 14 (10.2%) | 25 (5.5%) | 0.05 |
| Transient ischemic event | 17 (2.9%) | 2 (1.5%) | 15 (3.3%) | 0.38 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 2.4 (1.9) | 2.9 (2.0) | 2.2 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Medication use | ||||
| Atorvastatin treatment | 297 (50%) | 65 (47.5%) | 232 (50.8%) | 0.50 |
| Baseline statin | 402 (67.7%) | 85 (62.0%) | 317 (69.4) | 0.11 |
| Benzodiazepine | 84 (14.1%) | 22 (16.1%) | 62 (13.6) | 0.46 |
| Anti-depressant | 98 (16.5%) | 29 (21.2%) | 69 (15.1%) | 0.09 |
| Baseline laboratory data | ||||
| eGFR*, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 70.2 (22.3) | 64.0 (22.0) | 72.0 (22.0) | <0.001 |
| Hematocrit, % | 39.7 (5.1) | 38.7 (5.3) | 40.0 (5.0) | 0.01 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.1 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.40 |
| Procedure characteristics | ||||
| CABG | 290 (48.8%) | 60 (43.8%) | 230 (50.3%) | 0.18 |
| Valve surgery | 386 (65.0%) | 102 (74.5%) | 284 (62.1%) | 0.008 |
| Ascending aorta surgery | 53 (8.9%) | 9 (6.6%) | 44 (9.6%) | 0.27 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass use | 423 (71.2%) | 112 (81.8%) | 311 (68.1%) | 0.002 |
| Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, min | 108.6 (88.7) | 130.5 (97.7) | 102.0 (84.9) | 0.003 |
| Aorta cross clamp use | 285 (48.2%) | 73 (53.3%) | 212 (46.7%) | 0.18 |
*
estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; estimated using the CKD-Epi formula; see national kidney foundation https://www.kidney.org/professionals/KDOQI/gfr_calculator); COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft