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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Heart Fail Rev. 2017 Sep;22(5):543–557. doi: 10.1007/s10741-017-9597-4

1. Develop and test psychological and psychosocial interventions, with particular attention to the potential role of palliative care specialist clinicians, advance care planning, and dyadic congruence in proxy decisions at end-of-life.
2. Develop comprehensive service models that assess and serve the unique needs of caregivers.
3. Involve heart failure caregivers, patients, clinicians, payers, and other key stakeholders into the intervention development and testing process.
4. Develop pragmatic interventions that can potentially integrate into existing healthcare systems and clinical workflows.
5. Tailor interventions to high risk subgroups and employ adaptive approaches to intervention content and format.
6. Explore testing of technologies in e- and m-Health that might support caregiving tasks.
7. Conduct randomized controlled trials that have sufficient sample sizes and meet quality standards.
8. Implement and refine techniques to boost recruitment and long-term retention of clinical trial participants, especially among minorities and other understudied groups.
9. Gain consensus on primary caregiver outcomes and tools to measure these outcomes.
10. Measure the impact of caregiver intervention on patient outcomes, including utilization and cost-effectiveness.