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. 2017 Aug 4;7:7333. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07656-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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D4F reduces the atherosclerotic lesion area in aortic root and downregulates the expression of P65 and Fas/FasL pathway-related molecules in thoracic aorta. Male apoE^−/− mice were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and given saline (model group, n = 8), 1 mg/kg sD4F (sD4F group, n = 8) or 1 mg/kg D4F (D4F group, n = 8) per day by intraperitoneal injection during the final 6 weeks. (A) Atherosclerotic lesion formation shown with HE staining. Scale bar = 100 μm. (B) Atherosclerotic lesion formation stained by oil red O. Scale bar = 100 μm. (C) Western blot results showing the protein levels of P65 and Fas/FasL pathway-related molecules in thoracic aorta. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 versus model group.