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. 2017 Aug 4;7:7316. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06704-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of HR expression on survival of clustered P. brassicae eggs (mean ± SE) laid on B. nigra plants under greenhouse and field conditions (for 2013 and 2014). (A) The numbers within each bar represent the numbers of tested plants. The differences in egg survival until larval hatching between HR expressing (light grey) and non-HR expressing plants (dark grey) are not significant, GLM, family = quasibinomial. Differences between greenhouse and field conditions and between both years of field experiments are indicated by asterisks above the horizontal lines, GLM, family = quasibinomial. (B) Effect of predator/parasitoid exclusion on survival of clustered P. brassicae eggs (mean fraction ± SE) laid on B. nigra plants in the field. Plants were either covered with a fine mesh during the egg phase (predators excluded – light grey) or left uncovered (predators included – dark grey).