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. 2017 Aug 4;7:7316. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06704-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Different severity levels of HR - like necrosis induced by egg clutches of P. brassicae laid onto B. nigra plants under field conditions. The upper row shows the abaxial side of a leaf with eggs, the lower row shows the adaxial side of a leaf. (A) No HR - like necrosis induced (no HR = 0), (B) HR severity 1: necrosis can be observed below eggs, but hardly on the other side of the leaf, (C) HR severity 2: necrosis has spread and can be clearly observed on both sides of the leaf, the edges of the reaction are diffuse. (D) HR severity 3: necrosis is strongly expressed also around the egg clutch with sharp edges. All clutches shown are the same age (four days after egg deposition).