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. 2017 Aug 4;7:7292. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07402-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model of neurite elongation by bulk forward translocation of MTs. (A) Side view of growth cone and distal neurite with important cytoskeletal elements. (B) Schematic of a growth cone and distal neurite with important cytoskeletal components and substrate adhesion (black). (C) Three MTs (red) and two actin filaments (green) labeled with fluorescent speckles at different time points. (D) Hypothetical kymograph of MTs (red), F-actin (green), motors (purple and blue), and cross linking proteins (light blue). Anterograde red lines reveal forward movement of MTs in the distal neurite and C-domain and retrograde green lines reveal retrograde movement of F-actin in P domain. (E) Illustration of MT and F-actin configuration under conditions where disruption of MT assembly induces retraction of the growth cone. (F) A hypothetical kymograph of MT and F-actin motion. While axonal frictional interactions with the substrate, as well as axonal actin and myosin activity are all important for both elongation and retraction, they are not shown to minimize the complexity of the figure.