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. 2017 Aug 4;7:7328. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06767-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Heat map analysis and cluster analysis of observed metabolomic profiles of the 1^st cohort. (A) Red indicates higher than average metabolite concentrations, while green indicates those below average. The order of the metabolites was arranged on the basis of clustering analysis. The dotted line represents a cluster containing long-chain acylcarnitines. (B) Principal component analysis of participants’ plasma metabolites arranged by PC1 and PC3. (C,D) Factor loading in PC1 and PC3 listed according to statistical significance. Abbreviations: AC = acylcarnitine; CTR = control; PD = Parkinson’s disease; PC = principal component; N-MPEA = N-methylphenylethylamine.